Table 1.

DNA damage induced p53 phosphorylation.

Site	Kinase	Activation	Outcome
Serine 15	ATM	DNA damage	apoptosis
Serine 15, 37	ATR	gamma, UV	apoptosis
Serine 315	CDK	UV	p53 transcription
Serine 20	Chk1/Chk2	IR, UV	inhibition of p53-Mdm2 complex
Serine 149, Threonine 150, 155	CSN kinase complex	homeostatic	p53 degradation
Serine 15, 37	DNA-PK	DNA damage	inhibition of p53-Mdm2 complex
Serine 15, Threonine 55	ERK	UV, DNA damage	apoptosis
Serine 392	CK2	UV	p53 transactivation
Serine 46	HIPK2	UV	apoptosis, acetylation of p53
Serine 20, Threonine 81	JNK	UV, DNA damage	p53 stabilization and apoptosis
Serine 20	MAPKAPK2	UV	apoptosis
Serine 15, 33, 46, 392	p38 kinase	UV, DNA damage	p53 stabilization and apoptosis
Serine 376 and 378	PKC	homeostatic	p53 degradation
Threonine 55	TAF1	homeostatic	p53 degradation

ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; ATR, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; Chk1, checkpoint kinase; CSN kinase, COP9 signalosome kinase; DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; CK2, casein kinase II, HIPK2, homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2; JNK, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase; MAPKAPK2, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase2; PKC, protein kinase C; TAF1, component of TFIID.