Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
Adverse effects
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Number of people with adverse effects 7/29 (24%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 6/34 (18%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Nausea 4/29 (14%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 4/34 (12%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Vomiting 2/29 (7%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 2/34 (6%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Confusion 4/29 (14%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 2/34 (6%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Dizziness 2/29 (7%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 1/34 (3%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Headache 2/29 (7%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 1/34 (3%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Palpitations 0/29 (0%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 1/34 (3%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Sweating 1/29 (3%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 0/34 (0%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Dry mouth 1/29 (3%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 1/34 (3%) with zolpidem alone
RCT 4-armed trial	137 people, eastward flight crossing 6–9 time zones	Incapacitation 1/29 (3%) with zolpidem plus melatonin 0/34 (0%) with zolpidem alone