Table 2.

Clinical trials comparing double with single autologous stem cell transplantation

Study	Randomization	Patients, n	ORR, %	CR, %	EFS (months)	OS (months)
Barlogie et al. [28]	Total therapy	123	86	40	49	62
	Single ASCT (historical controls)	116	52	NA	22	48
Attal et al. [29]	Double (VAD followed by ASCT1 with melphalan 140 mg/m2, ASCT2 with melphalan 140 mg/m2 and TBI)	200	88	50 (CR + VGPR)	30	58
	Single (VAD followed by ASCT with melphalan 140mg/m2)	199	84	42 (CR + VGPR)	25	48
Cavo et al. [30••]	Double (VAD followed by ASCT1 with melphalan 200 mg/m2, ASCT2 with melphalan 120 mg/m2 and busulfan 12 mg/kg)	158	NA	47 (CR + near CR)	35	71
	Single (VAD followed by ASCT with melphalan 140mg/m2)	163	NA	33 (CR + near CR)	23	65
Sonneveld et al. [31]	Double: VAD followed by IDM (melphalan 70 mg/m2×2) followed by CTX 120 mg/kg + TBI	155	90	13	22	55
	Single: VAD followed by IDM (melphalan 70 mg/m2×2)	148	86	28	20	50
Fermand et al. [32]	Double: VAD followed by ASCT1 with melphalan 140 mg/m2, followed by ASCT2 with melphalan 140 mg/m2, etoposide 30 mg/kg and TBI (12 Gy)	99	NA	39 (CR + VGPR)	ND	ND
	Single: VAD followed by ASCT1 carmustine, etoposide, melphalan 140 mg/m2, CTX 60 mg/kg and TBI (12 Gy)	94	NA	37 (CR + VGPR)	ND	ND

ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation; CR, complete remission; CTX, cyclophosphamide; EDAP, etoposide, dexamethasone, cytarabine and cisplatin; EFS, event-free survival; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; HDCTX, high dose cyclophosphamide; IDM, intermediate dose melphalan; IFN, interferon; NA, not available; ND, no data; ORR, overall response rate; OS, overall survival; PBSC, peripheral blood stem cell; PR, partial remission; TBI, total body irradiation; VAD, vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone; VGPR, very good partial response. Total therapy: VAD followed by HDCTX and GM-CSF for PBSC collection, EDAP followed by first ASCT with melphalan 200. If sustained PR or CR, a second ASCT with melphalan 200 was performed followed by IFN maintenance.