Table 3.

Results of Logistic Regression Analyses Predicting Difficulties in Word Reading in (a) Grade 1 and (b) Grade 2 from Five Preschool Skills

	U.S./Australia				Scandinavia
Variables	B	SE	OR	CI	B	SE	OR	CI
(a)
Constant	−2.14	.11	NA		−2.35	.27	NA
LK	−.59	.13	.55***	.43 – .72	.25	.29	1.28	.72 – 2.27
PA	−.84	.22	.43***	.28 – .66	−1.20	.44	.30**	.13 – .72
RAN	.26	.09	1.30**	1.08 – 1.56	.74	.20	2.10***	1.40 – 3.13
VM	−.18	.17	.84	.60 – 1.18	.08	.36	1.08	.54 – 2.18
Syn/Sem	.09	.18	1.10	.77 – 1.56	−.29	.39	.75	.35 – 1.59
(b)
Constant	−2.00	.10	NA		−2.44	.29	NA
LK	−.41	.12	.66***	.52 – .84	−.51	.36	.60	.30 – 1.23
PA	−.72	.21	.49***	.33 – .73	−.31	.41	.74	.33 – 1.64
RAN	.36	.09	1.43***	1.20 – 1.70	.79	.21	2.21***	1.47 – 3.32
VM	−.01	.17	1.00	.71 – 1.39	−.22	.35	.80	.40 – 1.60
Syn/Sem	−.01	.18	.99	.70 – 1.41	−.28	.38	.76	.36 – 1.59

Note. OR = Odds Ratio; CI = 95 % Confidence Interval; NA = not applicable; LK = Letter knowledge; PA = Phonological awareness; RAN = Rapid automatized naming; VM = Verbal memory; Syn/Sem = Syntactic and semantic skills.

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