Table 4.

Results of Logistic Regression Analyses Predicting Difficulties in Spelling in (a) Grade 1 and (b) Grade 2 from Five Preschool Skills

	U.S./Australia				Scandinavia
Variables	B	SE	OR	CI	B	SE	OR	CI
(a)
Constant	−2.06	.10	NA		−3.03	.38	NA
LK	−.50	.13	.61***	.47 – .78	−.73	.42	.48	.21 – 1.11
PA	−.89	.21	.41***	.27 – .63	−1.40	.49	.25***	.09 – .65
RAN	.32	.09	1.37***	1.15 – 1.63	.59	.21	1.80***	1.19 – 2.74
VM	.07	.17	1.07	.77 – 1.49	−.69	.40	.50	.23 – 1.09
Syn/Sem	.22	.18	1.24	.88 – 1.77	.42	.41	1.52	.68 – 3.40
(b)
Constant	−2.13	.11	NA		−2.34	.26	NA
LK	−.39	.13	.68***	.53 – .87	.15	.30	1.16	.65 – 2.09
PA	−1.19	.22	.30***	.20 – .47	−1.06	.43	.35*	.15 – .81
RAN	.23	.09	1.26*	1.06 – 1.51	.37	.21	1.44	.96 – 2.16
VM	.03	.17	1.03	.74 – 1.45	−.59	.37	.55	.27 – 1.15
Syn/Sem	.30	.19	1.35	.94 – 1.93	.21	.39	1.23	.57 – 2.66

Note. OR = Odds Ratio; CI = 95 % Confidence Interval; NA = not applicable; LK = Letter knowledge; PA = Phonological awareness; RAN = Rapid automatized naming; VM = Verbal memory; Syn/Sem = Syntactic and semantic skills.

^*p<.05;

^***p<.001.