Table 6.

Results of Logistic Regression Analyses Predicting Difficulties in Spelling in (a) Grade 1 and (b) Grade 2 from Letter Knowledge, Phonological awareness, and RAN in Kindergarten

	U.S./Australia				Scandinavia
Variables	B	SE	OR	CI	B	SE	OR	CI
(a)
Constant	−2.21	.11	NA		−3.65	.52	NA
LK	−.41	.09	.66***	.56 – .79	−.84	.24	.43***	.27 – .69
PA	−1.03	.14	.36***	.27 – .47	−2.07	.58	.13***	.04 – .39
RAN	.35	.09	1.42***	1.19 – 1.69	.66	.25	1.94**	1.18 – 3.18
(b)
Constant	−2.41	.12	NA		−2.51	.30	NA
LK	−.22	.09	.80*	.68 – .96	−.43	.22	.65*	.42 – .99
PA	−1.29	.15	.28***	.20 – .37	−.99	.40	.37*	.17 – .82
RAN	.42	.10	1.52***	1.26 – 1.83	.44	.22	1.55*	1.01 – 2.39

Note. OR = Odds Ratio; CI = 95 % Confidence Interval; NA = not applicable; LK = Letter knowledge; PA = Phonological awareness; RAN = Rapid automatized naming.

^*p<.05;

^**p<.01;

^***p<.001.