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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Occup Environ Med. 2009 Oct 9;67(6):375–386. doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.046391

Table 4.

Differences in BuChE inhibition in relation to selected exposures after covariate adjustment*

Exposure(s) N β 95% CI P value
OP/CB compounds used1
Chlorpyrifos 119
  No 49 Ref --- ---
  Yes 70 1.69 −3.52, 6.89 0.522
Carbaryl 119
  No 80 Ref --- ---
  Yes 39 −2.05 −7.54, 3.44 0.461
Azinphos-methyl 119
  No 99 Ref --- ---
  Yes 20 −3.68 −14.35, 7.00 0.496
Multiple OP/CBs 119
  No 88 Ref --- ---
  Yes 31 −2.50 −8.35, 3.35 0.399
Crops treated2
Number of crops treated 114 0.651†
  1 crop 83 Ref --- ---
  2 crops 22 −1.31 −6.30, 3.68 0.604
  3+ crops 9 −0.93 −8.29, 6.42 0.802
Application methods3
Air blast sprayer 116
  No 22 Ref --- ---
  Yes 94 0.58 −4.04, 5.20 0.804
Tower sprayer 116
  No 100 −2.47 −7.81, 2.86 0.360
  Yes 16 Ref --- ---
Handling activities3
Mixing/loading 120
  No 39 Ref --- ---
  Yes 81 −5.25 −9.06, −1.43 0.007
Entering pesticide storage
area		 120
  No 86 Ref --- ---
  Yes 34 0.71 −4.24, 5.66 0.777
Early re-entry in treated
area		 120
  No 98 Ref --- ---
  Yes 22 0.07 −4.90, 5.04 0.979
Repairing spray equipment 120
  No 106 Ref --- ---
  Yes 14 −3.16 −8.38, 2.05 0.232
Cleaning activities3
Cleaning PPE 120
  No 38 Ref --- ---
  Yes 82 −1.60 −6.60, 3.40 0.526
Cleaning spray equipment 120
  No 53 Ref --- ---
  Yes 67 −4.39 −8.44, 0.35 0.033
Cleaning pesticide
containers		 120
  No 89 Ref --- ---
  Yes 31 −2.73 −6.58, 1.13 0.164
Cleaning pesticide storage
space		 120
  No 107 Ref --- ---
  Yes 13 0.60 −4.49, 5.69 0.816
Cleaning pesticide spill 120
  No 114 Ref --- ---
  Yes 6 −4.12 −13.22, 4.98 0.372
Exposure time2
Days since last exposure 100 0.735†
  Today 7 1.46 −11.11, 14.04 0.818
  Yesterday 9 −1.34 −14.06, 11.38 0.835
  2–7 days ago 49 −3.05 −13.04, 6.95 0.546
  8–14 days ago 13 −0.97 −10.56, 8.62 0.842
  15–30 days ago 16 −0.16 −10.54, 10.23 0.976
  >30 days ago 6 Ref --- ---
No. 8+ hour spray sessions 118 0.512†
  None 8 Ref --- ---
  1–2 times 49 −3.48 −14.40, 7.44 0.529
  3–4 times 39 −6.86 −18.08, 4.37 0.229
  5+ times 22 −2.71 −13.85, 8.44 0.631
Full-face respirator 118
  No (half-face) 85 −6.95 −13.36, −0.55 0.034
  Yes 33 Ref --- ---
Powered air purifying
respirator		 90
  No (half-face) 85 −0.14 −6.68, 6.41 0.966
  Yes 5 Ref --- ---
Disposable gloves under
nitrile		 108
  No 85 −0.19 −4.78, 4.39 0.934
  Yes 23 Ref --- ---
Cloth gloves under nitrile 102
  No 85 −4.75 −10.21, 0.71 0.087
  Yes 17 Ref --- ---
Chemical-resistant footwear 130
  No 5 −11.40 −22.35, −0.45 0.041
  Yes 125 Ref --- ---
Rain suit 131
  No 16 −2.65 −8.50, 3.20 0.372
  Yes 115 Ref --- ---
Chemical-resistant apron 131
  No 111 3.93 −1.03, 8.88 0.119
  Yes 20 Ref --- ---
Locker for PPE2 116
  No 55 −7.58 −12.36, −2.81 0.002
  Yes 61 Ref --- ---
No. activities without
decontamination‡ 		118 0.750†
  None 60 Ref --- ---
  One 27 −0.03 −5.08, 5.02 0.990
  Two 20 −3.85 −8.88, 1.18 0.132
  Three or more 11 5.34 −1.63, 12.31 0.132
Demographics2
Age category 118 0.048†
  18–24 21 Ref --- ---
  25–34 52 1.87 −3.95, 7.68 0.526
  35–49 40 −1.03 −6.38, 4.31 0.702
  50+ 5 −8.01 −19.87, 3.85 0.184
Health status 118 0.032†
  Excellent 17 Ref --- ---
  Good 67 −4.40 −9.69, 0.89 0.102
  Poor/fair 34 −6.40 −11.75, −1.04 0.020
*

Based on multiple linear regression with robust standard error estimates. All adjusted models included year of participation, days since baseline ChE test, and age in years. Additionally, the following covariates were included in specific analyses:

1

work activity score, PPE score;

2

toxicity score, work activity score, PPE score;

3

toxicity score, PPE score;

4

toxicity score, work activity score

†

Test for trend (continuous or ordered categorical exposure variable).

‡

Includes not washing hands before drinking, eating, smoking, using a cellular phone, using a two-way radio, urinating in the orchard or field, or using a portable toilet.