Table 6.
Published data on scapular movements in mammals.
| Species | Body mass | Mean amplitude of protraction/retraction during contact phase | Data on 3D motion | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae) | 0.05 - 0.075 kg | 59° | - | [5] |
| Microcebus murinus (Primates) | 0.05 - 0.1 kg | 48° ± 6° | Qualitative description | [5,34,43] |
| Tupaia glis (Scandentia) | 0.05 - 0.180 kg | 59° | - | [5,44] |
| Dasyuroides byrnei (Dasyuridae) | 0.1 - 0.12 kg | 44° | - | [5] |
| Rattus norvegicus (Rodentia) | 0.14 - 0.4 kg | 60° | - | [5,23] |
| Saguinus Oedipus (Primates) | 0.35 - 0.45 kg | 49° ± 6° | Qualitative description | [32,43] |
| Galea musteloides (Rodentia) | 0.4 - 0.5 kg | 60° | - | [5] |
| Cavia porcellus (Rodentia) | 0.6 - 1.0 kg | 57° * | - | [45] |
| Saimiri scuireus (Primates) | 0.365 - 1.135 kg | 55° ± 4° | Qualitative description | [43,46] |
| Procavia capensis (Hyracoidea) | 1.8 - 5.4 kg | 53° | - | [3,5] |
| Eulemur fulvus (Primates) | ≈ 3.0 kg | 51° ± 9° | Qualitative description | [34,43,47] |
| Didelphis virginiana (Didelphidae) | 2.0 - 5.5 kg | 40° | Qualitative description | [28] |
| Cercopithecus aethiops (Primates) | 2.5 - 6 kg | 28° ** | - | [24] |
| Felis catus f. domestica (Carnivora) | 3.0 - 8.0 kg | 41° | 3D movements quantified | [25,48] |
| Choloepus didactylus (Xenarthra) | 4.0 - 10.0 kg | 32° (34° ***) | 3D movements quantified (6 DOF) | [16], this study |
| Ateles geoffroyi/Ateles paniscus (Primates) | 7.5 -8.4 kg/7.75 - 9.5 kg | 15° **** | Qualitative description | [26] |
| Canis lupus f. familiaris (Carnivora) | 15 - 80 kg | 35° ± 4° | - | [7] |
| Capra hircus (Artiodactyla) | 25 - 70 kg | 41° ± 7° | - | [7] |
| Equus przewalski f. caballus (Perissodactyla) | ≈ 350 kg | 25° ± 5° | - | [7] |
| Loxodonta africana (Proboscidea) | 3500 - 7000 kg | 15° ± 5° | - | [7] |
*:determined from figure 3 in [45]; **: determined from figure 2 in [24]; ***:when projected into the parasagittal plane as in [16]; ****: during brachiation
Quantification of 3D motion is rare. Please note that the scapular protraction and retraction of the two-toed sloth is very similar to quadrupedal mammals of similar weight. All body masses according to [42].