Table 2. Overview of clinical trials of pharmacotherapy for stress incontinence in men.

Medication	n (Men)	Study type	Outcome	Author
Alpha agonists
Ephedrine	20 (+18 women)	Case series	27 / 38 (71.1%) no incontinence or drops only	Diokno et al. (e3)
Midodrine	5	Case series	5 / 5 (100%) improvement	Nito et al. (e4)
Beta agonists
Glenbuterol	14	Cohort study	9 / 14 (64.3%) reduced use of incontinence pads	Noguchi et al. (e5)
Glenbuterol	72	Case series	55 / 72 (76.3%) fully continent	Zozikov et al. (e6)
Serotonin- and noradrenaline-reuptake inhibitors
Imipramine	5	Case series	3 / 5 (60%) improvement or cure	Reid et al. (e7)
Duloxetine	20	Case series	7 / 18 (38.9%)* reduced use of incontinence pads	Schlenker et al. (e8)
Duloxetine	18	Case series	46.7% less loss of urine (from 124 to 58 g by PAD test)	Zahariou et al. (e9)
Duloxetine	112	Randomized trial	39 / 50 (78%) (treatment arm) vs. 27 / 52 (51.9%) (placebo arm)* Reduced use of incontinence pads at 16 weeks	Filocamo et al. (12)

*1 significant differences