Table 1.
Baseline characteristics among nondiabetic individuals by presence of new-onset diabetes at follow-up
| No | Yes | Unadjusted OR (95% CI)* | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 44,378 | 376 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 31,895 (73.6) | 264 (72.3) | 1.00 | 0.7082 |
| Female | 11,450 (26.4) | 101 (27.7) | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 31,127 (71.8) | 238 (65.2) | 1.00 | 0.0006 |
| African American | 5,042 (11.6) | 69 (18.9) | 1.81 (1.39–2.36) | |
| Hispanic | 2,493 (5.8) | 23 (6.3) | 1.29 (0.85–1.95) | |
| Asian | 3,748 (8.6) | 27 (7.4) | 1.03 (0.70–1.50) | |
| Other | 935 (2.2) | 8 (2.2) | 1.10 (0.54–2.23) | |
| Education | ||||
| No high school diploma | 2,236 (5.2) | 19 (5.2) | 1.00 | 0.0400 |
| High school diploma/equivalent | 16,292 (37.6) | 141 (38.6) | 1.04 (0.65–1.69) | |
| Some college | 11,497 (26.5) | 118 (32.3) | 1.26 (0.77–2.04) | |
| Bachelor's degree | 8,343 (19.2) | 56 (15.3) | 0.80 (0.47–1.35) | |
| Master's/postdoctoral degree | 4,977 (11.5) | 31 (8.5) | 0.83 (0.47–1.46) | |
| Continuous demographic variables | ||||
| Age (years) at baseline submission | 36.3 ± 8.9 | 41.7 ± 10.3 | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | <.0001 |
| BMI | 26.0 ± 3.3 | 28.8 ± 3.9 | 1.22 (1.19–1.25) | <.0001 |
| Deployment before 2001 | ||||
| No previous deployments | 26,896 (62.1) | 239 (65.5) | 1.00 | 0.6983 |
| 1991 Gulf War only | 3,428 (7.9) | 29 (7.9) | 0.97 (0.66–1.42) | |
| Bosnia/Kosovo/Southwest Asia only | 10,797 (24.9) | 78 (21.4) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | |
| Both contingencies | 2,224 (5.1) | 19 (5.2) | 1.06 (0.67–1.65) | |
| Deployment to OEF/OIF before baseline | ||||
| No | 41,716 (96.2) | 356 (97.5) | 1.00 | 0.3902 |
| Yes | 1,629 (3.8) | 9 (2.5) | 0.77 (0.42–1.40) | |
| Deployed to OEF/OIF between baseline and follow-up | ||||
| Nondeployed | 33,624 (77.6) | 310 (84.9) | 1.00 | 0.0038 |
| Deployed without combat exposures | 4,908 (11.3) | 24 (6.6) | 0.54 (0.36–0.81) | |
| Deployed with combat exposures | 4,813 (11.1) | 31 (8.5) | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) | |
| Number of deployments between baseline and follow-up | ||||
| 0 | 33,624 (77.6) | 310 (84.9) | 1.00 | 0.0055 |
| 1 | 4,639 (10.7) | 31 (8.5) | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | |
| 2 | 2,965 (6.8) | 11 (3.0) | 0.39 (0.21–0.72) | |
| 3 | 2,117 (4.9) | 13 (3.6) | 0.65 (0.37–1.14) | |
| Separated from military as of follow-up | ||||
| No | 37,504 (86.5) | 273 (74.8) | 1.00 | <.0001 |
| Yes | 5,841 (13.5) | 92 (25.2) | 2.20 (1.74–2.78) | |
| Branch of service | ||||
| Army | 19,980 (46.1) | 183 (50.1) | 1.00 | 0.0685 |
| Navy/Coast Guard | 8,177 (18.9) | 79 (21.6) | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | |
| Marines | 1,843 (4.3) | 8 (2.2) | 0.52 (0.27–1.03) | |
| Air Force | 13,345 (30.8) | 95 (26.0) | 0.80 (0.63–1.03) | |
| Component | ||||
| Reserve/Guard | 19,214 (44.3) | 202 (55.3) | 1.00 | <.0001 |
| Active duty | 24,131 (55.7) | 163 (44.7) | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| None | 23,129 (53.4) | 235 (64.4) | 1.00 | 0.0007 |
| Problem drinking only | 297 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 0.64 (0.16–2.60) | |
| Binge drinking only | 15,505 (35.8) | 99 (27.1) | 0.63 (0.50–0.80) | |
| Both of the above | 4,414 (10.2) | 30 (8.2) | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 25,862 (59.7) | 208 (57.0) | 1.00 | 0.6771 |
| Past smoker | 10,898 (25.1) | 102 (27.9) | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | |
| Current smoker | 6,585 (15.2) | 55 (15.1) | 1.00 (0.75–1.35) | |
| Major depressive disorder | ||||
| No | 42,209 (97.4) | 347 (95.1) | 1.00 | 0.0047 |
| Yes | 1,136 (2.6) | 18 (4.9) | 1.95 (1.23–3.11) | |
| Panic disorder | ||||
| No | 42,898 (99.0) | 353 (96.7) | 1.00 | <.0001 |
| Yes | 447 (1.0) | 12 (3.3) | 3.19 (1.78–5.71) | |
| Anxiety disorder | ||||
| No | 42,594 (98.3) | 353 (96.7) | 1.00 | 0.0130 |
| Yes | 751 (1.7) | 12 (3.3) | 2.03 (1.16–3.54) | |
| PTSD | ||||
| No | 41,781 (96.4) | 334 (91.5) | 1.00 | <.0001 |
| Yes | 1,564 (3.6) | 31 (8.5) | 2.56 (1.78–3.67) |
Data are n (%) or mean ± SD. N = 44,754.
*Bold values indicate statistical significance at P < 0.05.