Four-day-old pupae formed after injection of malE (A) or Tcrk (A′) dsRNA into one-day-old final instar larvae were photographed. Hind wings were dissected from the beetles injected with malE (B) or Tcrk (B′) dsRNA at 48 h AEP. Wings were not fully expanded in Tcrk RNAi beetles. In beetles inject with Tcrk dsRNA, gin traps (C′, arrow) and pronotum (D′) are smaller, when comparing to gin traps (C, arrow) and pronotum (D) in malE control insects. Similarly, the first pair of legs are shorter in Tcrk RNAi beetles (E′) than that in malE control beetles (E). AEP: hours after ecdysis to the pupal stage. Scale bar: (A, A′) 1.0 mm; (B, B′, C, C′) 0.1 mm; (D, D′, E, E′) 0.5 mm. (F). Comparison of wing length and pronotum width between malE and Tcrk RNAi beetles. Elytra and pronotum from 10 pupae (1–2 day-old) were photographed and measured using NIH ImageJ program. Mean + SE are shown. Asterisk indicates significant difference between treatments (p ≤ 0.01; Student t-test).