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(a) A liability-index model for endophenotypes (EPs). Genetic variance VG influences both an EP and a psychiatric disorder (PD). These observed variables also have residual variation, RVEP and RVPD, due to other sources. (b) A mediational model for EPs. Genetic variance causes variation in the EP, which in turn causes variation in PD. EP and PD have residual variance components RVEP and RVPD, respectively.
