Figure 1.

An extensional definition of clinical pharmacology in a framework that encompasses the topics covered by clinical pharmacology, from basic pharmacology in humans (human pharmacology) to all aspects of applied pharmacology in individuals and populations. Receptor pharmacology includes ligand–receptor binding studies and studies of second messengers. Cellular pharmacology includes all biophysical aspects of cell function. Autacoid pharmacology includes the effects of drugs on substances such as hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters. Practical drug therapy includes all aspects as practised at the bedside or in the clinic, including rational prescribing, medication errors, and adherence to therapeutic regimens. Clinical trials include meta-analysis and teleoanalysis. Medicines policy includes formulary construction, research planning and commissioning, pre- and post-marketing drug regulation, and advisory roles