Table 4.

Association between the Indian scale ^a and tobacco use, by gender; Delhi, India (n=3512).

	Boys (n=2102)			Girls (n=1409)
	β	(SE)	p-value b	β	(SE)	p-value b
Ever use
Any kind of tobacco	−0.053	0.011	<0.001	−0.009	0.018	0.638
Chewing tobacco	−0.052	0.012	<0.001	−0.008	0.021	0.705
Smoking bidis	−0.062	0.016	<0.001	−0.059	0.030	0.050
Smoking cigarettes	−0.055	0.013	<0.001	−0.046	0.025	0.064
Past year use
Any kind of tobacco	−0.079	0.014	<0.001	0.009	0.026	0.733
Chewing tobacco	−0.087	0.016	<0.001	−0.001	0.031	0.966
Smoking bidis	−0.080	0.021	<0.001	0.044	0.074	0.554
Smoking cigarettes	−0.092	0.017	<0.001	−0.019	0.035	0.578
Past month use
Any kind of tobacco	−0.092	0.015	<0.001	0.004	0.033	0.900
Chewing tobacco	−0.097	0.018	<0.001	−0.023	0.044	0.597
Smoking bidis	−0.090	0.021	<0.001	−0.024	0.090	0.788
Smoking cigarettes	−0.098	0.018	<0.001	0.028	0.046	0.537
Intentions to use
Chew in college	−0.065	0.013	<0.001	−0.062	0.023	0.006
Chew when adult	−0.073	0.012	<0.001	−0.057	0.023	0.015
Smoke in college	−0.085	0.013	<0.001	−0.024	0.024	0.325
Smoke when adult	−0.066	0.012	<0.001	−0.053	0.023	0.020

^aModels adjust for the effect of one dimension (e.g., Western) of “westernization” on tobacco use, when considering the effect of the other (e.g., Indian).

^bp-value represents test of the association using a random intercept mixed effects regression model adjusted for grade level, school type, and age. The models for past year use of bidis was only adjusted for school type and age and the model for current use of bidis was adjusted for age, so models could converge.,