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. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316

Table 1. Overview of the 148 studies included in the meta-analysis.

Source Total Number of Participants Average Age at Intake Location of Study Study Length Cause of Mortality Social Relationship Measure Original Statistic Metric lnOR Standard Error
Ahern et al., 1990 [29] 353 50 USA 1 y All-cause Functional M & SD 0.27 0.36
Alter et al., 2006 [30] 3,138 64 Canada 5 y 4 m CVD Combined Chi 0.06 0.15
Anstey et al., 2002 [31] 2,065 78 Australia 9 y All-cause Structural Freq 0.44 0.09
Astrand et al., 1989 [32] 391 50 Sweden 22 y All-cause Combined OR 0.00 0.18
Avlund et al., 1998 [33] 727 70 Denmark 11 y All-cause Combined OR 0.40 0.16
Avlund et al., 2004 [34] 565 75 Denmark, Finland 5 y All-cause Structural OR 0.54 0.22
Barefoot et al., 2005 [35] 3,109 58 Denmark 7 y 2 m All-cause Structural p 0.15 0.12
Berkman and Syme, 1979 [36] 4,765 47 USA 9 y All-cause Structural Freq 0.60 0.30
Berkman et al., 2004 [37] 3,495 45 France 10 y All-cause Structural RR 1.61 0.14
Birket-Smith et al., 1989 [38] 128 73 Denmark 1 y All-cause Structural R 0.37 0.33
Blazer, 1982 [39] 331 72 USA 2 y 6 m All-cause Combined RR 1.05 0.30
Blazer et al., 2001 [40] 3,664 73 USA 3 y All-cause Combined OR 0.15 0.10
Bowling, 1989 [41] 503 73 UK 6 y All-cause Structural Chi 0.51 0.16
Brown et al., 2003 [42] 846 NR USA 5 y All-cause Combined OR 0.01 0.22
Brummet et al., 2005 [43] 2,711 62 USA 11 y 1m All-cause Functional p 0.25 0.17
Burg et al., 2005 [44] 1,899 75 USA 2 y 5 m All-cause Combined Freq 1.39 0.28
Burns et al., 2005 [45] 147 63 Australia 7 y 4 m Cancer Combined Combin 0.45 0.31
Butow et al., 1999 [46] 125 55 Australia 2 y Cancer Combined p 0.35 0.33
Bygren et al., 1996 [47] 12,675 43 Sweden 9 y All-cause Structural Freq 0.41 0.07
Case et al., 1992 [48] 1,195 59 Canada, USA 4 y 2 m CVD Structural RR 0.68 0.25
Cassileth et al., 1988 [49] 203 60 USA 8 y Cancer Structural Combin −0.03 0.26
Ceria et al., 2001 [50] 1,786 78 USA 6 y All-cause Structural RR 1.01 0.12
Chacko et al., 1996 [51] 94 53 USA 4 y 8 m CVD Functional Chi 0.92 0.39
Christensen et al., 1999 [52] 133 29 USA 58 y 2m All-cause Combined Chi 0.98 0.32
Christensen et al., 1994 [53] 78 54 USA 5 y All-cause Functional Chi 0.98 0.44
Cohen et al., 1987 [54] 155 73 USA 3 y All-cause Structural T 0.65 0.30
Colon et al., 1991 [55] 100 30 USA 2 y Cancer Functional Chi 0.86 0.38
Cornman et al., 2003 [56] 4,049 NR Taiwan 3 y All-cause Structural OR 0.17 0.06
Coyne et al., 2001 [57] 189 53 USA 4 y CVD Functional RR 0.99 0.26
Cree et al., 2000 [58] 558 82 Canada 4 m All-cause Functional OR 0.30 0.34
Cuijpers, 2001 [59] 424 85 Netherlands 1 y All-cause Functional OR −0.10 0.31
Dalgard & Haheim, 1998 [60] 1,002 46 Norway 17 y All-cause Structural p 0.23 0.15
Devins et al., 1990 [61] 97 40 Canada 4 y Other Structural R −0.025 0.38
Dickens et al., 2004 [62] 556 60 UK 1 y CVD Functional p 0.65 0.45
Ell et al., 1992 [63] 294 61 USA 6 y 11m All-cause Combined p −0.15 0.21
Eng et al., 2002 [64] 16,242 55 USA 10 y All-cause Structural RR 0.42 0.06
Engedal,1996 [65] 334 82 Norway 3 y All-cause Structural M & SD 0.62 0.20
Farmer et al., 1996 [66] 320 60 USA 4 y 7m All-cause Combined RR 0.81 0.22
Forster & Stoller, 1992 [67] 363 74 USA 7 y All-cause Combined LnOR −0.20 0.22
Frasure-Smith et al., 2000 [68] 887 59 Canada 1 y CVD Functional p 0.09 0.12
Frick et al., 2005 [69] 99 55 Germany 3 y 11m Cancer Combined p 0.23 0.35
Fry and Debats, 2006 [70] 380 75 Canada 5 y 11m All-cause Combined RR 0.78 0.24
Fuhrer et al., 1999 [71] 3,777 76 France 5 y All-cause Combined RR 0.38 0.13
Funch & Marshall, 1983 [72] 208 51 USA 20 y Cancer Structural Combin 0.17 0.26
Ganzini et al., 1997 [73] 100 73 USA 2 y 6m All-cause Combined Combin 0.15 0.25
Gellert et al., 1993 [74] 136 47 USA 10 y Cancer Functional RR −0.24 0.40
Giles et al., 2005 [75] 1,477 80 Australia 10 y All-cause Structural p 0.21 0.10
Giraldi et al., 1997 [76] 74 51 Italy 6 y Cancer Functional M & SD 0.14 0.43
Glass et al., 1999 [77] 1,380 72 USA 13 y All-cause Structural RR 0.42 0.20
Goldman et al., 1995 [78] 7,478 77 USA 6 y All-cause Structural OR 0.30 0.06
Goodwin et al., 1996 [79] 328 72 USA 10 y All-cause Structural p 0.62 0.20
Gorkin et al.,1993 [80] 1,146 61 USA 10 m All-cause Functional Freq 0.23 0.28
Grand et al., 1990 [81] 645 75 France 4 y All-cause Combined OR 0.40 0.22
Greenfield et al., 2002 [82] 5,092 NR USA 11 y All-cause Structural RR 0.38 0.14
Greenwood et al., 1995 [83] 1,274 59 UK 4 y All-cause Structural RR 0.43 0.17
Grodner et al., 1996 [84] 110 63 USA 6 y All-cause Combined M & SD 0.50 0.35
Gustafsson et al., 1998 [85] 421 81 Sweden 6 y All-cause Structural OR 0.24 0.19
Hall et al., 1993 [86] 5,921 60 Sweden 11 y CVD Structural OR 0.23 0.15
Helweg-Larsen, 2003 [87] 6,617 44 Denmark 13 y All-cause Combined RR 0.74 0.05
Herndon et al., 1999 [88] 206 61 USA 4 y 2 m Cancer Functional p 0.16 0.26
Hill et al., 2005 [89] 3,050 78 USA 8 y All-cause Combined p 0.08 0.07
Hirdes & Forbes, 1992 [90] 259 45 Canada 20 y All-cause Combined RR 0.55 0.29
Ho, 1991 [91] 946 77 China 2 y All-cause Combined RR 0.55 0.24
House et al., 1982 [92] 2,754 52 USA 12 y All-cause Structural Combin 0.27 0.17
Hummer et al., 1999 [93] 21,204 43 USA 8 y All-cause Structural Freq 0.45 0.05
Iribarren et al., 2005 [94] 5,108 25 USA 16 y All-cause Structural Combin 0.60 0.21
Irvine et al., 1999 [95] 634 64 Canada 2 y All-cause Structural RR 0.01 0.32
Iwasaki et al., 2002 [96] 11,560 55 Japan 7 y All-cause Combined RR 0.22 0.11
Johnson et al., 2005 [97] 3,698 43 USA 5 y All-cause Combined p 0.18 0.10
Johnson et al., 1996 [98] 1,257 64 Sweden 14 y CVD Functional RR 0.21 0.15
Jorm et al., 1991 [99] 228 79 Australia 5 y All-cause Functional M & SD 0.24 0.24
Juon et al., 2003 [100] 1,091 6 USA 28 y All-cause Structural OR 0.60 0.35
Jylhä and Aro, 1989 [101] 936 NR Finland 6 y 6 m All-cause Combined p 0.32 0.12
Kaplan et al., 1988 [102] 5,320 49 Finland 5 y All-cause Structural OR 0.75 0.18
Kaplan et al., 1994 [103] 2,501 53 Finland 5 y 11m All-cause Combined RR 0.27 0.19
Kawachi et al., 1996 [104] 18,702 60 USA 4 y All-cause Structural RR 0.50 0.17
Keller et al., 2003 [105] 654 78 USA 10 y All-cause Structural p 0.53 0.14
Kiely et al., 2000 [106] 916 87 USA 4 y 6 m All-cause Structural p 0.23 0.12
Kimmel et al., 2000 [107] 174 54 USA 5 y All-cause Functional p 0.73 0.17
Korten et al., 1999 [108] 752 70 Australia 4 y All-cause Combined Combin 0.20 0.13
Krause, 1997 [109] 2,209 68 UK 11 y All-cause Combined OR −0.03 0.10
Krause, 2006 [110] 976 74 USA 3 y All-cause Combined OR 0 0.18
Kroenke et al., 2006 [111] 2,835 59 USA 12 y All-cause Structural RR 0.45 0.22
La Cour et al., 2005 [112] 734 70 Denmark 20 y All-cause Structural p 0.45 0.14
Lee & Rotheram-Borus, 2001 [113] 307 38 USA 2 y 4 m Other Functional p 0.54 0.21
Lehto et al., 2006 [114] 101 54 Finland 9 y Cancer Functional p 0.97 0.38
Lennartsson and Silverstein, 2001 [115] 463 82 Sweden 4 y All-cause Structural RR 0.40 0.17
Ljungquist et al., 1995 [116] 956 70 Sweden 10 y All-cause Combined OR 1.03 0.16
Lund et al., 2002 [117] 1,265 60 Denmark 8 y All-cause Structural p 0.37 0.16
Lund et al., 2000 [118] 894 79 Denmark 8 y All-cause Structural OR 0.30 0.21
Lyyra and Heikkinen, 2006 [119] 206 80 Finland 10 y All-cause Combined Combin 0.25 0.30
Maier & Smith, 1999 [120] 513 85 Germany 6 y All-cause Functional Combin 0.33 0.16
Malmstrom et al., 2001 [121] 22,236 47 Sweden 8 y All-cause Structural RR 0.30 0.07
McClellan et al., 1993 [122] 210 55 USA 1 y All-cause Functional M & SD 0.24 0.34
Merlo et al., 2000 [123] 491 68 Sweden 10 y All-cause Combined Freq 0.63 0.19
Mertens et al., 1996 [124] 1,869 62 USA 4 y All-cause Structural M & SD 0.56 0.08
Morris et al., 1993 [125] 91 60 USA 10 y All-cause Structural T 0.81 0.40
Murata et al., 2005 [126] 1,994 73 Japan 7 y 4 m All-cause Combined p 0.12 0.11
Murberg and Bru, 2001 [127] 119 66 Norway 2 y CVD Combined p 0.27 0.34
Musick et al., 2004 [128] 3,617 47 USA 7 y 6 m All-cause Combined R 0.17 0.06
Nakanishi and Tatara, 2000 [129] 1,285 74 Japan 5 y 6 m All-cause Structural p 0.26 0.10
Nordentoft et al., 1993 [130] 974 41 Denmark 10 y All-cause Structural p 0.42 0.12
Olsen et al., 1991 [131] 1,637 79 Denmark 15 y 6m All-cause Combined p 0.14 0.11
Oman and Reed, 1998 [132] 2,023 75 USA 5 y 7 m All-cause Structural P 0.20 0.11
Orrell et al., 2000 [133] 60 80 UK 3 y All-cause Combined p 0.62 0.48
Orth-Gomer and Johnson, 1987 [134] 17,433 49 Sweden 6 y ? Structural RR 1.31 0.07
Orth-Gomer and Unden, 1990 [135] 147 57 Sweden 10 y All-cause Structural T 0.86 0.40
Ostbye et al., 2006 [136] 4,012 77 USA 10 y All-cause Combined OR 0.54 0.09
Oxman et al., 1995 [137] 232 76 USA 6 m CVD Combined Combin 0.33 0.46
Parkerson and Gutman, 2000 [138] 103 63 USA 1 y All-cause Structural OR 1.65 0.58
Pennix et al., 1997 [139] 2,829 70 Netherlands 3 y All-cause Combined Freq 0.30 0.15
Rasulo et al., 2005 [140] 1,734 81 Denmark 6 y All-cause Structural p 0.11 0.09
Reuben et al., 1992 [141] 259 73 USA 4 y 3 m All-cause Combined R 0.52 0.22
Reynolds et al., 1994 [142] 1,011 53 USA 5 y Cancer Combined p 0.19 0.17
Rodriguez-Artalejo et al., 2006 [143] 251 77 Spain 7 m CVD Structural p 0.17 0.33
Rosengren et al., 1998 [144] 717 50 Sweden 12 y All-cause Combined Freq 0.64 0.28
Roy et al., 1996 [145] 547 80 USA 4 y All-cause Structural RR 0.76 0.15
Rozzini et al., 1991 [146] 1,201 73 Italy 3 y All-cause Structural Freq 0.94 0.20
Ruberman et al., 1984 [147] 2,320 50 USA 3 y All-cause Structural Chi 0.39 0.08
Rutledge et al., 2003 [148] 7,524 71 USA 6 y All-cause Combined RR 0.53 0.05
Rutledge et al., 2004 [149] 503 59 USA 2 y 4 m All-cause Combined M & SD 0.99 0.37
Saito-Nakaya et al., 2006 [150] 238 62 Japan 7 y 6 m All-cause Combined Freq −0.07 0.35
Schoenbach et al., 1986 [151] 791 55 USA 2 y All-cause Structural Freq 0.80 0.19
Seeman et al., 1993 [152] 1,420 74 USA 5 y All-cause Combined p 1.83 0.17
Shahatahmasebi et al., 1992 [153] 534 72 UK 8 y All-cause Combined Chi 0.40 0.16
Shmotkin et al., 2003 [154] 1,174 84 Israel 8 y All-cause Structural p −0.09 0.12
Shye et al., 1995 [155] 455 72 USA 15 y All-cause Structural Freq 0.80 0.21
Silverstein and Bengston, 1991 [156] 435 67 USA 14 y All-cause Combined OR 0.03 0.16
Soler-Vila et al., 2003 [157] 322 54 USA 10 y All-cause Combined M & SD 0.29 0.20
Stavraky et al., 1988 [158] 224 59 Canada 1 y Cancer Combined Freq 0.55 0.35
Stek et al., 2005 [159] 476 85 Netherlands 5 y All-cause Functional p 0.35 0.21
Sturdy et al., 2002 [160] 1,066 53 UK 5 y All-cause Structural OR 0.17 0.35
Sugisawa et al., 1994 [161] 1,943 69 Japan 3 y All-cause Combined p 0.03 0.19
Sun and Lui, 2006 [162] 7,938 92 China 2 y All-cause Structural R 0.67 0.04
Temkin-Greener et al., 2004 [163] 3,138 79 USA 2 y All-cause Combined p 0.21 0.10
Thomas et al., 1997 [164] 424 63 Canada, USA 3 y 11m CVD Functional M & SD 0.10 0.18
Tucker et al., 1996 [165] 1,077 12 USA 41 y All-cause Structural p 0.27 0.12
Vaillant et al., 1998 [166] 223 20 USA 25 y All-cause Combined OR 1.15 0.37
Vogt et al., 1992 [167] 2,396 47 USA 15 y All-cause Structural p 0.20 0.08
Walter-Ginzburg et al., 2002 [168] 1,340 83 Israel 8 y All-cause Combined Freq 0.23 0.11
Waxler-Morrison et al., 1991 [169] 118 45 Canada 4 y Cancer Structural p 0.27 0.36
Weihs et al., 2005 [170] 90 52 USA 9 y Cancer Structural Combin 0.61 0.40
Welin et al., 2000 [171] 275 55 Sweden 10 y All-cause Combined p 0.44 0.22
Welin et al., 1992 [172] 959 60 Sweden 12 y All-cause Combined Combin 0.52 0.17
Wilkins, 2003 [173] 2,107 75 Canada 6 y All-cause Combined RR 0.05 0.12
Woloshin et al., 1997 [174] 37 67 Canada 1 y All-cause Functional OR 1.87 0.61
Yasuda et al., 1997 [175] 806 74 USA 5 y All-cause Combined Freq 0.27 0.19
Zuckerman et al., 1984 [176] 398 72 USA 2 y All-cause Combined Combin 0.09 0.18

Chi, chi-square; Combin, combined statistics; Freq, frequency counts; m, months; M & SD, means and standard deviations; NR, not reported; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; p, level of statistical significance; t, t-scores; y, years.