Table 3. Random effects metaregression for effect size estimates of structural social relationships.

Variable	B	SE	p	β
(Constant)	0.535	0.238	0.02	0.00
Participants' average agea	−0.002	0.002	0.49	−0.06
Participant sex compositionb
100% Female	0.038	0.066	0.57	0.04
100% Male	0.049	0.068	0.48	0.05
Participant initial healthc	−0.103	0.085	0.23	−0.10
Cause of mortalityd
Cardiovascular disease	0.081	0.161	0.61	0.03
Cancer	−0.208	0.139	0.13	−0.12
Length of follow-up evaluation (y)	−0.003	0.005	0.54	−0.05
Measure of social relationshipse
Living alone	−0.265	0.106	0.013	−0.18
Marital status	−0.097	0.074	0.19	−0.10
Social isolation	−0.144	0.178	0.42	−0.05
Social networks	−0.050	0.071	0.48	−0.06
Complex measures of integration	0.255	0.095	0.007	0.20
Geographic region of studyf
Asia	0.057	0.154	0.71	0.05
Europe	0.221	0.134	0.10	0.25
North America	0.057	0.134	0.69	0.07
Statistically controlled estimateg	−0.147	0.058	0.01	−0.17

^aAge at study initiation.

^bContrasted with reports in which males and females were combined.

^cIndividuals with a pre-existing medical condition contrasted with community samples.

^dContrasted with all cause and all other causes.

^eContrasted with measures of social participation; see Table 2 for descriptions of each kind of measure.

^fContrasted with all other world regions combined.

^gContrasted with estimates based on raw data.

β, standardized beta; B, unstandardized beta; SE, standard error.