Table 1.
Background characteristics of study sample and prevalence of hypertension by sex
| Study references | Year of study | Location | Region | Population type | Participants | Sample size sex | Sample size residence | Response rate | Age in years | Prevalence ≥ 140/90 | Crude Prevalence ≥ 160/95 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Total | urban | rural | Range | mean | Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | |||||||
| Pobee et al 1979 [22-24,74] | 1972/1973 | Accra-Tema | GAR | urban | public servants | 5520 | 1380 | 6900 | 91.0 | 15 -64 | nr | nr | nr | nr | 9.8 | 4.3 | 8.9 | ||
| Pobee et al 1977 [24,32] | early 1973 | Danfa cluster of 20 villagesa | GAR | rural | general pop. | 809 | 861 | 1670 | - | 1670 | 97.5 | 16 -75+ | nrk | nr | nr | nr | 4.2 | 4.8 | 4.5 |
| Ikeme et al 1978 [21,22,37,41] | Sept 1975 - May 1976 | Mamprobi, Accra | GAR | urban | general pop. | 1637 | 2108 | 3745 | 3745 | - | 73.0 | 15 -64 | nrl | 28.5%m | 23.2%m | 25.5%m | 16.1 | 10.8 | 13.1 |
| Chukwuemeka et al 1983 [20,74] | 1981 | Mamprobi, Accra | GAR | urban | general pop. | nr | nr | 928 | 928 | - | 25.0 | 15 -64 | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | 13.0 |
| Hesse 1998 [30] | Mar - Jun 1995 | James Camp Prison in Accrab | GAR | urban | Male Prison Officers; prisoners | 292g | - | 292 | 292 | - | officers 81.4 prisoners 95.3 | Nr | officers = 39.8 ± 9.5; prisoners = 31.1 ± 10.3 | nr | nr | nr | officers = 36.4; prisoners = 2.9 | - | nr |
| Amoah 2003 [33] | 1998 | 2 urban and 2 rural sites | GAR | Rural; urban | general pop. | 1860 | 2873 | 4733 | nr | nr | 75 | 25 - 102 | 44.3 ± 14.7 | 27.6 | 29.5 | 28.3 | 14.7 | 17.4 | 16.2 |
| Addo et al 2006 [27] | 2001 | 4 sites, Ga districtc | GAR | rural | general pop. | 107 | 255 | 362 | 0 | 362 | 60-80% of villages | 18 - 99 | 42.4 ± 18.6 | 24.1 | 25.9 | 25.4 | nr | nr | 15.2 |
| Burket 2006 [35] | April 2002 | Liati and Tokor, Kpando district | VR | rural | general pop. | 66 | 221 | 287 | 0 | 287 | 99.0 | 17 -60+ | 41.8h | 39.4 | 30.7 | 32.8 | nr | nr | nr |
| Cappucio et al 2004 [36,75] | June 2001 - June 2002 | 6 semi-urband and 6 rural | AR | Rural; semi-urban | general pop. | 385 | 628 | 1013 | 532 | 481 | 53.4 | 40 -75 | 54.7 ± 11.3 | 29.9 | 28.0 | 28.7 | nr | nr | nr |
| Escalona et al 2004 [18] | Oct 2000 - Sept 2002 | 6 sites, Accrae | GAR | urban | general pop. | 257 | 341 | 598 | 598 | nr | nr | 15 - 65+ | nr | 27.6 | 26.1 | 26.8 | nr | nr | nr |
| Hill et al 2007 [29,44] | 2003 | Accra Metropolis | GAR | urban | general pop. of women | 0 | 1328 | 1328 | 1328 | - | 41.5 | 18 -100 | 46.8 ± 18.0 | - | 48.0 | 48.0 | nr | nr | nr |
| Agyeman et al 2006 [28,42] | 2004 | Kumasi and 4 villages | AR | Rural; urban | general pop. | 787 | 644 | 1431 | 853 | 578 | 82-99 | 16 -50+ | 35.9 | 31.0 | 28.0 | 29.4 | nr | nr | nr |
| Addo et al 2008 [31,76] | 2005 | 7 ministries, Accraf | GAR | urban | civil servants | 615 | 400 | 1015 | 1015 | nr | 82.7 | 25 -68 | 44.0 ± 10.1 | 31.7 | 28.0 | 30.2 | nr | nr | nr |
| Owiredu et al 2008 [19] | Aug - Oct 2005 | 3 Pentecostal churches, Kumasi | AR | urban | Church goers | 117 | 266 | 383 | 383 | - | Nr | 18 - 85 | 41.6 ± 13.4 | SBP = 12.0; DBP = 9.4 | SBP = 29.3; DBP = 25.6 | SBP = 24.0; DBP = 20.6 | nr | nr | nr |
| Kunutsor & Powles 2009 [34] | Feb - Apr 2007 | Kassena-Nankana District | UER | rural | general pop. | 207 | 367 | 574 | - | 574 | 95.7 | 15 - 65 | 37.8 ± 14.1 | 19.2 | |||||
| Mensa-Wilmot 2003 [26] | 2003 | Kassena-Nankana District | UER | rural | general pop. | 852 | 1166 | 2018 | - | 2018 | Nr | 15 -64 | 36.0 ± 14.6i | SBP = 5.6; DBP = 7.2 | SBP = 3.8; DBP = 5.4 | SBP = 6.2; DBP = 4.5 | nr | nr | nr |
| Akufo 2008 [25] | 2008 | Kumasi metropolis | AR | urban | factory workers | 251 | 49 | 300 | 300 | - | Nr | 17 -72 | 34.5j | 22.7 | 18.4 | 22.0 | nr | nr | nr |
nr = not reported; GAR = Greater Accra Region; AR = Ashanti Region; UER = Upper East Region; VR = Volta Region; general pop. = general population
a = Danfa villages within 80 km of Accra; b = Low security prison; c = Sarpeiman, Opah, Ayikai Doblo, Amamoley in Amasaman sub-district; d = semi-urban sites (Tikrom, Appeadu, Duase, Apatrapa, Feyiase, Nwamase) up to 15 km from Kumasi, rural sites (Pemenase, Edwenase, Domeabra, Ofoase, Atia, Dumakwai) up to 40 km from Kumasi in the Kumasi and Ejisu-Juaben districts; e = communities are Teshie, Sakaman, Awoshie, Onyinase, Dansoman, Mamprobi; f = out of 26 ministries; g = 88 Prison officers and 204 prisoners; h, i, j = median age 40, 35, 39 years respectively; k = 63.8% aged < 45 years; l = 36.5% of sample aged 15-25 years; 5.8% aged 55-64 years; m = based on 2,001 men and 2,702 women