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Selected IGF-axis genes that encode core components of IGF-axis upstream the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/MAPK/ERK pathway. The ligands IGF1 and IGF2 bind to the receptor IGF1R at the cellular level. The bioavailability of IGFs is decreased by IGFBP1 and IGFBP3, but increased by IGFBP5. IGF2 is inhibited by negative feedback of IGF2R, which blocks the signal transduction. IGF1R regulate the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/MAPK/ERK pathways via activation of IRS proteins.
