Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate GEE analyses of factors associated with MMT use among HIV-positive IDU (n = 353)

Characteristic	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p - value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p - value
Age*
(> median (40.8 years) vs. < median)	1.42 (1.00–2.01)	0.048	0.99 (0.68–1.46)	0.973
Gender†
(female vs. male)	1.19 (0.82–1.76)	0.354	1.73 (1.14–2.62)	0.010
Aboriginal ethnicity‡
(Aboriginal vs. other)	0.91 (0.62–1.33)	0.621	0.79 (0.52–1.20)	0.269
DTES residence
(yes vs. no)	0.76 (0.57–1.04)	0.084
Homelessness
(yes vs. no)	0.74 (0.55–1.00)	0.051	0.79 (0.56–1.10)	0.164
Frequent heroin injection*
(yes vs. no)	0.33 (0.23–0.46)	< 0.001	0.34 (0.23–0.50)	< 0.001
Frequent cocaine injection*
(yes vs. no)	0.83 (0.57–1.20)	0.313	1.42 (0.92–2.21)	0.115
Frequent crack use*
(yes vs. no)	0.85 (0.69–1.05)	0.122	1.10 (0.86–1.40)	0.463
Frequent methamphetamine use*
(yes vs. no)	0.60 (0.29–1.24)	0.166
Public injection*
(yes vs. no)	0.61 (0.48–0.76)	< 0.001	0.76 (0.59–0.97)	0.031
Syringe borrowing*
(yes vs. no)	0.56 (0.37–0.85)	0.006	0.54 (0.32–0.90)	0.019
Syringe lending*
(yes vs. no)	0.69 (0.36–1.32)	0.259
Sex work involvement*
(yes vs. no)	1.15 (0.84–1.55)	0.383
Recent incarceration*
(yes vs. no)	0.97 (0.74–1.27)	0.383
Non-fatal overdose*
(yes vs. no)	0.58 (0.40–0.86)	0.006	0.58 (0.36–0.92)	0.021
CD4 count
(> 200 copies/μL vs. ≤ 200 copies/μL)	1.26 (0.94–1.74)	0.126	1.21 (0.87–1.69)	0.260
On ART*
(yes vs. no)	2.11 (1.55–2.88)	< 0.001	2.04 (1.46–2.86)	< 0.001

^*Refers to the 6-month period prior to the interview