Table 1.
Mutation rates per nucleotide site (× 10−9) in a variety of tissues.
Mutation ratesb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Tissue | Cell divisions per generationa | Per generation | Per cell division |
Homo sapiens | Germline | 216 | 12.85 | 0.06 |
Retina | 55 | 54.45 | 0.99 | |
Intestinal epithelium | 600 | 162.00 | 0.27 | |
Fibroblast (culture) | 1.34 | |||
Lymphocytes (culture) | 1.47 | |||
Mus musculus | Male germline | 39 | 38.00 | 0.97 |
Brain | 76.94 | |||
Colon | 83.35 | |||
Epidermis | 90.38 | |||
Intestine | 117.69 | |||
Liver | 237.88 | |||
Lung | 166.83 | |||
Spleen | 130.00 | |||
Rattus norvegicus | Colon | 178.38 | ||
Kidney | 167.45 | |||
Liver | 179.92 | |||
Lung | 223.22 | |||
Mammary gland | 57.70 | |||
Prostate | 448.90 | |||
Spleen | 101.62 | |||
Drosophila melanogaster | Germline | 36 | 4.65 | 0.13 |
Whole body | 380.92 | |||
Caenorhabditis elegans | Germline | 9 | 5.60 | 0.62 |
Arabidopsis thaliana | Germline | 40 | 6.50 | 0.16 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 1 | 0.33 | 0.33 | |
Escherichia coli | 1 | 0.26 | 0.26 |
References to data on numbers of germline cell divisions: human (Crow 2000); D. melanogaster and mouse (Drost and Lee 1995); C. elegans (Wilkins 1992); and . A. thaliana (Hoffman et al. 2004). Numbers of cell divisions are unknown for the mouse and rat rates.
Mammalian tissue-specific rates are given only for tissues in which at least two independent estimates have been acquired. All data on human mutation rates are taken from Lynch (2010). Data for somatic mutation rates in mouse and rat are derived from references contained within the Supplementary Material. References to data on germline mutation rates: D. melanogaster (Keightley et al. 2009); C. elegans (Denver et al. 2009); A. thaliana (Ossowski et al. 2009); S. cerevisiae (Lynch et al. 2008); and E. coli (Lynch 2006).