Table 5.
Glycemic parameters measured at weaning (day 21) and early adulthood (day 60–70) in mice exposed to CIS diets during in utero and through breastfeeding during neonatal growth periods (CC), TRANS diet in utero and CIS diet during breastfeeding (TC), CIS diet in utero and TRANS diet during breastfeeding (CT) and TRANS diet during in utero and breastfeeding growth periods (TT).
| Age | Measurement | Dietary Groups | P values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CC | TC | CT | TT | Diet (P) | Diet (L) | Interaction | ||
| Weaning | Glucose (mmol/L) | 7.47 ± 0.40 ab | 6.46 ± 0.43 a | 8.33 ± 0.52 b | 7 7.93 ± 0.45 ab | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.50 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 12.3 ± 2.55 | 17.2 ± 4.39 | 15.1 ± 2.42 | 9.63 ± 0.62 | 0.86 | 0.42 | 0.10 | |
| AUCGTT | 18410 ± 825 ab | 22155 ± 1800 a | 16116 ± 1323 b | 15294 ± 769 b | 0.29 | <0.002 | 0.10 | |
| AUCITT | 6117 ± 438 ab | 8409 ± 774 a | 6354 ± 1042 ab | 5412 ± 664 b | 0.37 | 0.07 | 0.04 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.33 ± 0.29 | 5.09 ± 0.37 | 4.55 ± 0.24 | 4.92 ± 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.94 | 0.61 | |
| Adulthood | Glucose (mmol/L) | 12.0 ± 0.43 | 11.0 ± 0.47 | 10.43 ± 0.48 | 12.04 ± 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.02 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 17.8 ± 2.94 | 16.9 ± 3.52 | 9.63 ± 1.09 | 13.8 ± 2.86 | 0.79 | 0.20 | 0.32 | |
| AUCGTT | 16341 ± 1934 | 14943 ± 890 | 15719 ± 1075 | 12523 ± 1315 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.51 | |
| AUCITT | 9518 ± 889 | 9657 ± 726 | 8138 ± 2086 | 8492 ± 756 | 0.84 | 0.31 | 0.93 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.04 ± 0.36 | 4.98 ± 0.26 | 4.82 ± 0.19 | 5.06 ± 0.32 | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.63 | |
Values are mean ± SEM (n ≥ 10/group).
Two-way ANOVA analysis of diet exposure at each developmental stage with statistics for each effect and their interaction are shown. Different letters indicate group differences at the p<0.05 level. The significance of the main effects of diet during pregnancy and lactation and their interaction variables are indicated. Trans fatty acid exposure during lactation resulted in significantly higher fasting glucose but lower AUC with glucose tolerance testing. No diet effects persisted into adulthood.
Glycemic parameters measured were fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, area under the curve (AUC) for glucose after glucose and insulin tolerance testing, and percent of glycation of hemoglobin A1c chain (HbA1c). All groups were weaned onto the CIS diet until assessment as adults.