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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010 Apr;7(4):535–550. doi: 10.1517/17425241003603653

Table 1. Electrostatic surface modifications of particles for gene delivery.

Base
Material
Modification Drug Zeta-
potential
(mV)
Size (nm) Application Cell
Viability
(relative to
control)
Activity (relative to
control)
Notes Ref.
PLGA CTAB pDNA-HIV p55 +36±6 1540±200 Balb/c mice ∼ ≥ ×100 (PLGA, DNA) Improved serum antibody and CTL response 60 Singh, 2000
b-PEI Chondroitin Sulfate pDNA-Luc -29.2±0.2 77.0±3.2 B16-F10 cells in vitro (Opti-MEM) ∼ ×5 (pDNA/PEI) ∼ ×1 (b-PEI) Reduces RBC agglutination 68 Kurosaki, 2009
b-PEI Poly(acrylic acid) pDNA-Luc (approx. neutral) ∼ 500 A549 cells in vitro (100% serum) ∼ ×100 - ×1000 (b-PEI) Increased in vivo transfection and reduced in vivo toxicity 69 Trubetskoy, 2003
Baculovirus (BV) PEI pDNA-Luc ∼ +30 ∼ 350 Human U87 and HepG2 cells ∼ 95% up to MOI of 100 up to ∼ ×1000 (uncoated BV) in serum Increased in vivo transfection as well 72 Yang, 2009
PBAE E12-RGD peptide pDNA-GFP ∼ -5 ∼ 200 HUVEC in vitro (12% serum) ∼ 80-100% ∼ ×3 (PBAE/E12-RDG); ∼ ×50 (b-PEI); ∼ ×1 (Lipo2000) Targeted delivery at specific material ratios 74 Green, 2007
Gold nanoparticle PBAE siRNA ∼ +13 ∼ 100 Luc modified HeLa cells in vitro (10% serum) ∼ 85-100% ∼ ×6 (Lipo2000); ∼ ×20 (AuNP) Greater than 95% knock down 78 Lee, 2009
Core-shell fluorescent silica nanoparticles PEI pDNA-Luc +31.2±2.7 117±1.1 COS-7 in vitro (Opti-MEM) ∼ 100% ∼ ×1 (PEI) Particles can be used for imaging and delivery 79 Fuller, 2008
PBAE Poly(glutamic acid) pDNA-Luc ∼ -10 ∼ 200 Swiss Webster mice No lethality (mice died with uncoated) ∼ ×10 liver (PBAE); ∼ ×30-40 spleen, marrow Varying coating affects tissue specificity 80 Harris, 2009

CTAB = cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; CTL = cytotoxic T lymphocyte; MOI = multiplicity of infection (number of viral particles per cell); pDNA-GFP = GFP coding plasmid; pDNA-Luc = luciferase coding plasmid