Table 1.

Independent risk factors for death, severity score of leptospirosis (used for risk factor analysis as shown in Table 2) and corresponding criteria of (severe) sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)^*

Independent risk factor for fatal leptospirosis	Reference	Odds ratio	Score	Corresponding criteria of (severe) sepsis and MODS
Age > 40 years	17	4.38	1
	23	2.2
WBC count on admission > 12.9/nL	18	2.5	1	WBC count > 12/nL
Altered mental status	17	9.12	1	Altered mental status
	26	8.9
	24	–
Hypotension/shock (need of vasoactive substances to maintain arterial blood pressure ≥ 80 mm of Hg after adequate fluid replacement) on admission	21	6.0	1	Systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mm of Hg or mean arterial pressure ≤ 70 mm of Hg for at least 1 hour despite adequate volume resuscitation or the use of vasopressors to achieve the same goals
	19	10.3
	20	–
Repolarization abnormalities on ECG	18	5.9	1
Arrhythmias	17	2.83	1
Oliguria	18	9.0	1	Urine output < 0.5 mL/kg of body weight/hour or ARF
	17	5.28
	16	8.98
	19	8.8
	25	–
	20	–
	23	3.0
BUN > 324 mg/dL (= 54 mmol/L)	17	3.86	1	See oliguria
Serum creatinine > 4.0 mg/dL (> 354 µmol/L)	17	2.82	1	See oliguria
	21	10.6
	23	2.3
Hyperkalemia > 5.0 mmol/L on admission	17	8.27	1
	22	–
	21	19.9
	26	4.2
	19	5.9
Dyspnea	18	11.7	1
	23	–
Hemoptysis	25	–	1
	23,24	–
		–
Respiratory insufficiency/need of mechanical ventilation	17	4.64	1	PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 250 if other organ dysfunction is present or PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 if the lung is the only dysfunctional organ
	25	–
	8	–
Thrombocytopenia < 70/nL	23	2.2	1	Platelet count < 80/nL or decreased by 50% over 3 days
	25	–

^*WBC = white blood cells; ECG = electrocardiogram; ARF = acute renal failure; BUN = blood urea nitrogen.