Expression levels of MCP-1, MIP-2, and RANTES in the livers of mice 3 hours after injection of 1 × 1012 vp/kg of HDΔ28E4LacZ into mice pretreated 30 minutes prior with either saline or VIP (10 nmol/mouse) by intraperitoneal injection. Shown as mean ± SD of three to four independent experiments, each performed in duplicate. HDAd, helper-dependent adenoviral vectors; MCP-1; monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIP-2, macrophage-inflammatory protein 2; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.