TABLE 1.
Genes with increased expression of at least 2-fold following exposure to ECg, compared with cell wall stress stimulon up-regulation determined in other studies
| MRSA252a | N315b | Gene | Product or putative function | ECgc | VISAd | Vancomycind | Oxacillin bacitracin d-cycloserinee | Daptomycinf | Functional category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAR1340 | SA1166 | thrB | Homoserine kinase | 2.48 | Amino acid biosynthesis | ||||
| SAR1408 | SA1228 | dapB | Dihydropicolinate synthase | 2.66 | Amino acid biosynthesis | ||||
| SAR1339 | SA1165 | thrC | Threonine synthase | 3.06 | Amino acid biosynthesis | ||||
| SAR1407 | SA1227 | dapA | Homoserine dehydrogenase | 3.76 | Amino acid biosynthesis | ||||
| SAR1024 | SA0903 | Conserved hypothetical protein | 2.33 | 3.6 | Up | Carbohydrate transport and metabolism | |||
| SAR2522 | SA2220 | Glycerate kinase | 2.88 | Up | 14.8 | Carbohydrate transport and metabolism | |||
| SAR1374 | SA1195 | msrR | Reductase regulator | 2.84 | 4.8 | 2.5 | Transcription | ||
| SAR2394 | SA2103 | Transcriptional regulator | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 14 | Regulation/transcription | ||
| SAR2585 | SA2296 | Transcriptional regulator, MerR family | 2.18 | Regulatory functions | |||||
| SAR1974 | SA1700 | vraR | Response regulator | 4.80 | 2.5 | 8.7 | 10.39 | Signal transduction mechanism | |
| SAR1975 | SA1701 | vraS | Sensor histidine kinase | 8.05 | 2.5 | 8.7 | 10.4 | 9.57 | Signal transduction mechanism |
| SAR1976 | SA1702 | yvpF | Conserved hypothetical protein | 6.57 | 2.60 | 8.1 | 7.1 | Function unknown | |
| SAR1977 | SA1703 | Hypothetical protein | 6.8 | 3.1 | Up | Function unknown | |||
| SAR0204 | SA0205 | Peptidase domain protein | 2 | 4.5 | Up | Cell envelope biogenesis | |||
| SAR0273 | SA0265 | lytM | Peptidoglycan hydrolase | 2.58 | 4.8 | 2.2 | Cell envelope biogenesis | ||
| SAR1030 | SA0909 | fmt | Autolysis/methicillin resistance | 4.11 | Up | Up | 4.93 | Cell envelope biogenesis | |
| SAR1964 | SA1691 | sgtB | Transglycosylase domain protein | 5.47 | 2.9 | 10.6 | 8.10 | Cell envelope biogenesis | |
| SAR0251 | SA0244 | Teichoic acid biosynthesis protein | 2.19 | 2.90 | Cell envelope biogenesis | ||||
| SAR2442 | SA2146 | tcaA | TcaA protein | 3.73 | 4.1 | Up | 3.03 | Cell envelope | |
| SAR1461 | SA1283 | pbp2 | Penicillin binding protein 2 | 2.21 | Cell envelope | ||||
| SAR2212 | SA1926 | murZ | UDP-GlcNAc-carboxytransferase | 4.14 | Cell envelope | ||||
| SAR1932 | SA1659 | prsA | Protease maturation protein | 4.77 | 3.2 | 12 | 7.7 | 9.59 | Protein turnover and chaperones |
| SAR1805 | SA1549 | htrA | Serine protease HtrA | 2.74 | 6.8 | 11 | 3.06 | Protein turnover and chaperones | |
| SAR0528 | SA0483 | clpC | ATP-dependent Clp protease, ClpC | 3.98 | Protein turnover and chaperones | ||||
| SAR0938 | SA0835 | clpB | ATP-dependent Clp protease, CLpB | 3.87 | Protein turnover and chaperones | ||||
| SAR1658 | SA1410 | grpE | Heat shock protein GrpE | 3.28 | Protein folding and stabilization | ||||
| SAR2117 | SA1837 | groES | Chaperonin, 10 kDa | 2.84 | Protein folding and stabilization | ||||
| SAR0513 | SA0470 | Chaperonin, 33 kDa | 2.15 | Protein folding and stabilization | |||||
| SAR1230 | SA1097 | hslU | Heat shock protein HslVU | 2.12 | Protein folding and stabilization | ||||
| SAR2475 | SA2175 | heat shock protein Hsp20 | 3.08 | Protein folding and stabilization | |||||
| SAR2064 | SA1777 | Hypothetical protein | 2.2 | 2.3 | General function | ||||
| SAR2388 | SA2097 | Secretory antigen precursor | 2.04 | 4.8 | General function | ||||
| SAR0925 | SA0824 | Conserved hypothetical protein | 3.19 | 2.1 | 5.8 | Function unknown | |||
| SAR2690 | SA2405 | betA/cudB | Choline dehydrogenase | 5.94 | Up | Cell motility and secretion | |||
| SAR0927 | SA0826 | spsB | Type-1 signal peptidase 1B | 2.39 | 4.7 | Up | 2.56 | Cell motility and secretion | |
| SAR1851 | SA1587 | ribA | Riboflavin biosynthesis protein | 5.92 | 2.9 | Coenzyme metabolism | |||
| SAR0580 | SA0533 | vraA | Long chain fatty acid CoA ligase | Lipid metabolism | |||||
| SAR0581 | SA0534 | vraB | Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase | 2.7 | Lipid metabolism | ||||
| SAR0582 | SA0535 | vraC | Hypothetical protein | 5.3 | Function unknown | ||||
| SAR0583 | SA0536 | vraY | Hypothetical protein | 2.9 | Function unknown | ||||
| SAR0584 | vraX | Hypothetical protein | 24.2 | 22.7 | 224.7 | 26.6 | Function unknown | ||
| SAR0645 | SA0591 | Hypothetical protein | 3.7 | 5.3 | Up | Up | Function unknown | ||
| SAR2509 | SA2207 | hlgA | γ-Hemolysin, component A | 10.18 | Toxin production and resistance | ||||
| SAR2770 | SA2480 | drp35 | drP35 | 8.87 | Toxin production and resistance | ||||
| SAR2511 | SA2209 | hlgB | γ-Hemolysin, component B | 5.04 | Toxin production and resistance | ||||
| SAR2510 | SA2208 | hlgC | g-Hemolysin, component C | 3.52 | Toxin production and resistance | ||||
| SAR1035 | SA0914 | Similar to chitinase B | 3.26 | 2.2 | 10.6 | 5.5 | |||
| SAR1730 | SA1476 | Hypothetical protein | 6.95 | 4 | 20.9 | ||||
| SAR1731 | SA1477 | Hypothetical protein | 11.94 | 5.2 | 27.6 | ||||
| SAR1987 | SA1712 | Hypothetical protein | 2.04 | 2 | Up | Up | |||
| SAR2065 | SA1778 | Hypothetical protein | 2.4 | 2.2 | |||||
| SAR2184 | SA1898 | SceD protein | 4.45 | 10.5 | |||||
| SAR2407 | SA2113 | Hypothetical protein | 4.99 | 3.8 | 10.4 | ||||
| SAR2523 | SA2221 | Hypothetical protein | 5.16 | 2.4 | 9.5 | 18.7 | |||
| SAR2636 | SA2343 | Hypothetical protein | 8.28 | 84.4 | Up | Up | |||
| SAR0599 | SA0550 | Hypothetical protein | 2.2 | Up | |||||
| SAR2771 | SA2481 | Hypothetical protein | 4.58 | 3.4 | 5.7 | ||||
| SAR2586 | SA2297 | GTP-pyrophosphokinase | 2.0 | 8.6 | Up |
a MRSA252 ORF identifiers for the BμG@S SAv1.1.0 microarray used in this study (30). ORF identifiers in bold form the genes of the core cell wall stress stimulon as defined by McAleese et al. (40).
b N315 ORF identifiers for the S. aureus N315 microarray described by McAleese et al. (40). ORF identifiers in bold form the genes of the core cell wall stress stimulon as defined by McAleese et al. (40).
c Data from this study with S. aureus EMRSA-16.
d Up-regulation of cell wall stress stimulon genes induced by spontaneous mutation of a clinical S. aureus isolate to VISA and by exposure to suprainhibitory concentrations of vancomycin (40).
e Up-regulated genes after exposure of S. aureus RN450 to these agents (38).
f Up-regulated genes after exposure of S. aureus ATCC 29213 to suprainhibitory concentrations of daptomycin (41).