Table 1.
Individual-factor associations between potential confounders and axillary temperature measures throughout the newborn period
| Potential risk factor | No. < 35°C | Measures | Prevalence rate (per 100 measures) | Adjusted prevalence rate (95% confidence interval)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant-level variables | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1271 | 109893 | 1.16 | |
| Female | 1863 | 103743 | 1.80 | 1.54 (1.42, 1.67) |
| Birth weight | ||||
| ≥ 2500 g | 1620 | 147663 | 1.10 | |
| 2000 - 2499 g | 879 | 52970 | 1.66 | 1.67 (1.53, 1.82) |
| 1500 - 2000 g | 445 | 8854 | 5.03 | 5.34 (4.66, 6.12) |
| < 1500 g | 160 | 973 | 16.44 | 17.3 (12.6, 23.6) |
| Gestational age | ||||
| ≥ 37 wks | 2281 | 176380 | 1.29 | |
| 34 - 37 wks | 720 | 34182 | 2.11 | 1.64 (1.37, 1.83) |
| < 34 wks | 132 | 2961 | 4.46 | 4.39 (3.38, 5.73) |
| Small for gestational age (SGA) | ||||
| Not SGA | 1041 | 92199 | 1.13 | |
| SGA | 2062 | 118148 | 1.75 | 1.65 (1.51, 1.79) |
| Parental level variables | ||||
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| < 15 | 23 | 996 | 2.31 | |
| 15.0-19.9 | 752 | 53029 | 1.42 | 0.66 (0.39, 1.09) |
| 20.0-24.9 | 1169 | 84573 | 1.38 | 0.61 (0.37, 1.02) |
| 25.0-29.9 | 686 | 46819 | 1.47 | 0.64 (0.38, 1.07) |
| 30.0-34.4 | 348 | 19552 | 1.78 | 0.77 (0.46, 1.30) |
| 35.0+ | 156 | 8667 | 1.8 | 0.77 (0.45, 1.32) |
| Maternal literacy | ||||
| No | 2553 | 159538 | 1.60 | |
| Yes | 580 | 53983 | 1.07 | 0.67 (0.61, 0.75) |
| Maternal education (years) | ||||
| None | 2589 | 163391 | 1.58 | |
| 1-3 | 57 | 4730 | 1.21 | 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) |
| 4-6 | 199 | 15945 | 1.25 | 0.76 (0.65, 0.89) |
| 7-9 | 150 | 13440 | 1.12 | 0.70 (0.58, 0.84) |
| 10+ | 139 | 16130 | 0.86 | 0.58 (0.46, 0.72) |
| Paternal literacy | ||||
| No | 1582 | 93307 | 1.70 | |
| Yes | 1551 | 120120 | 1.29 | 0.77 (0.71, 0.84) |
| Paternal education (years) | ||||
| None | 1667 | 99134 | 1.68 | |
| 1-3 | 132 | 8812 | 1.50 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) |
| 4-6 | 459 | 32131 | 1.43 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) |
| 7-9 | 432 | 32422 | 1.33 | 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) |
| 10+ | 444 | 41137 | 1.08 | 0.66 (0.59, 0.75) |
| Paternal occupation | ||||
| Farmer/unskilled laborer | 2398 | 155637 | 1.54 | |
| Skilled worker | 732 | 57647 | 1.27 | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) |
| Maternal hypothermia at baseline | ||||
| None/mild (≥ 36.0°C) | 2733 | 193117 | 1.42 | |
| Moderate/severe (< 36.0°C) | 324 | 11128 | 2.91 | 1.45 (1.27, 1.66) |
| Labour and delivery variables | ||||
| Place of birth | ||||
| Facility | 122 | 16405 | ||
| Non-facility | 2985 | 189450 | 1.62 (1.27, 2.06) | |
| Time to placental delivery (min) | ||||
| < 1 | 195 | 14994 | 1.30 | |
| 1 - 3 | 882 | 56613 | 1.56 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) |
| 3 - 5 | 424 | 28785 | 1.47 | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) |
| 5 - 10 | 810 | 55650 | 1.46 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) |
| 10 - 30 | 438 | 29472 | 1.49 | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) |
| > = 30 | 342 | 17829 | 1.92 | 1.33 (1.06, 1.67) |
| Birth attendant | ||||
| Skilled | 138 | 16297 | 0.85 | |
| Non-skilled | 2966 | 189232 | 1.57 | 1.47 (1.19, 1.82) |
| Household and socioeconomic status variables | ||||
| Caste | ||||
| Other castes | 2822 | 183562 | 1.54 | |
| Upper (Brahmin/Chhetri) | 263 | 26996 | 0.97 | 0.63 (0.54, 0.74) |
| Ethnic group | ||||
| Hills (Pahadi) | 626 | 59542 | 1.05 | |
| Plains (Madeshi) | 2454 | 150824 | 1.63 | 1.59 (1.44, 1.76) |
| Latrine | ||||
| Other/none | 2828 | 186190 | 1.52 | |
| Brick/cement | 179 | 17820 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86) |
| Pit latrine | 73 | 6004 | 1.22 | 0.82 (0.62, 1.10) |
| Household has electricity | ||||
| No | 2429 | 159851 | 1.52 | |
| Yes | 655 | 50540 | 1.30 | 0.87 (0.78, 0.96) |
| Household has television | ||||
| No | 2644 | 172871 | 1.53 | |
| Yes | 440 | 37500 | 1.17 | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) |
| Newborn care practices | ||||
| Breastfeeding initiation (hours) | ||||
| < 24 | 1452 | 120253 | 1.21 | |
| > = 24 | 1595 | 90658 | 1.76 | 1.49 (1.37, 1.62) |
| Timing of cord cutting | ||||
| Before placenta | 63 | 8219 | 0.77 | |
| After placenta delivered | 3018 | 195031 | 1.55 | 1.74 (1.31, 2.33) |
| Baby bathed after birth† | ||||
| No | 332 | 21696 | 1.53 | |
| Yes | 2768 | 183386 | 1.51 | 1.18 (1.02, 1.36) |
| Time to giving baby first bath (hours)‡ | ||||
| > 24 | 19 | 1797 | 1.06 | |
| 12.0 - 23.9 | 131 | 8148 | 1.61 | 0.97 (0.56, 1.71) |
| 6.0 - 11.9 | 224 | 13407 | 1.67 | 0.98 (0.57, 1.67) |
| 3.0 - 5.9 | 153 | 7458 | 2.05 | 1.21 (0.69, 2.12) |
| 1.0 - 2.9 | 826 | 50679 | 1.63 | 1.05 (0.53, 1.51) |
| < 1 | 1409 | 101084 | 1.39 | 0.90 (0.53, 1.51) |
| Oil massage given after bath‡ | ||||
| No | 360 | 22407 | 1.61 | |
| Yes | 2397 | 160386 | 1.49 | 0.75 (0.66, 0.95) |
| Room warmed during first 14 days | ||||
| No | 304 | 36622 | 0.83 | |
| Yes | 2744 | 175008 | 1.57 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) |
| Baby wears cap during first 14 days | ||||
| No | 271 | 37738 | 0.72 | |
| Yes | 2777 | 173870 | 1.60 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) |
| Skin to skin contact during first 14 days | ||||
| No | 2799 | 201332 | 1.39 | |
| Yes | 221 | 9471 | 2.33 | 1.41 (1.18, 1.68) |
* All estimates are adjusted for the age of the baby and the minimum ambient temperature on the day of measurement.
† Data was collected at the time of first assessment after the birth and the timing of this visit was variable. For those met very early, respondents might report 'no bath', even though baby was probably given a bath after these data were collected.
‡ These variables only measured among those reporting a bath had been provided to the newborn.