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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010 Aug 1;11(5):434–443. doi: 10.2174/138920110791591436

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

MDMA-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress and functional consequences. Hepatic metabolism of MDMA and activation of other enzymes contribute to increased ROS/RNS production and reduced levels of anti-oxidants. These changes promote oxidative modifications of many mitochondrial proteins, resulting in their inactivation followed by mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue damage after MDMA exposure.