Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010 Aug 1;11(5):434–443. doi: 10.2174/138920110791591436

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Synergistic interaction between MDMA and alcohol (or other abused drugs). MDMA, alcohol, or cocaine is known to decrease GSH levels, facilitating increased oxidative stress. Ethanol (or cocaine) increases some P450 isozymes involved in MDMA metabolism, leading to greater production of MDMA metabolites with decreased levels of cellular antioxidants, contributing to increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and sensitivity toward MDMA-mediated tissue damage, as exemplified with hepatotoxicity.