Table 5.

Vancomycin population pharmacokinetic studies in adult patients using the nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach

Populationn/patient type	Regression equation CL	Regression equation V	Residual variability	REF
191 ICU	CL (ml min−1 kg−1) = 0.67(7) × CLCr (ml min−1 kg−1) + AGE−0.24(7)ωCL (%) = 30.13 (16)	V (l kg−1) = 0.82(3) × 2.49(10)AA = 0 or 1 if Cr ≤ 1 or Cr > 1 mg dl−1ωV (%) = 22.83(39)	±4.2 mg l−1 (10)	This study
215 Haematological malignancies	CL (l h−1) = 1.08(2.12) × CLCr (l h−1) ωCL (%) = 28.1 (15)	V (l) = 0.98(7.43) × TBW ωV (%) = 37.15(48)	±3.5 mg l−1 (15)	[32]
102 Cardiothoracic surgery, unstable renal function	CL (l h−1) = 2.97(3) × (1 + 0.0205(3) × (CLCr− CLCr median)) ωCL (%) = 27 (16)	V (l kg−1) = 1.24(5) ωV (%) = 36(24)	15% (19) ±1.6 mg l−1 (18)	[33]
398 102 patients pertaining to the above study	CL (l h−1) = 2.99(1.9) × (1 + 0.0154(4.3) × (CLCr− CLCr median)) ωCL (%) = 27 (14)	Vc (l kg−1) = 0.675(1.8) ωV (%) = 15(40) Vp (l kg−1) = 0.732(0.7) ωV (%) = 130(20)	15% (7) ±1.6 mg l−1 (7.7)	[38]
45 (18 adults) (0 days–61.5 years) ECMO	If Age > 1000 days (2.7 years) CL (l h−1 kg−1) = 4.3 (5.58)/CrSe (µmol l−1) ωCL (%) = 25 (NR)	If Age > 4000 days (11 years) Vc (l kg−1) = 0.37(11) ωVc (%) = 25 (NR) Vp (l kg−1) = 0.25(15) ωVp (%) = 48 (NR)	12.1% (NR) ±2.1 mg l−1 (NR)	[34]
190 Adult Japanese	If CLCr < 85(ml min−1) CL (l h−1) = 0.0487(6) × CLCrIf CLCr > 85(ml min−1) CL (l h−1) = 3.51(6) ωCL (%) = 38.5 (10)	Vss (l) = 60.71(6) ωV (%) = 25.4 (11)	23.7% (5)	[35]
30 ICU	CL (l h−1) = 0.034(35) × CLCr (ml min−1) + 0.015(53) × TBW ωCL (%) = 29.2 (28)	Vc (l) = 0.414(7) × TBW ωV (%) = 36.4(24) Vp (l) = 1.32(20) × TBW ωV (%) = 39.8(22)	23.9% (32) 18.5% (38)	[16]

The estimation error of the parameters (CV%) is shown in brackets. A two-compartment model was used for the four latter models. ECMO, patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; NR, not reported; TBW, total body weight; w, interindividual variability.