Table 2.
Associations of polymorphisms in the GHRL gene.
| SNP | Risk allele | Association | Subjects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Lower age of onset of self-reported obesity | 96 obese and 96 normal-weight Swedish women | [72] |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Higher frequency in Whites than in Blackslower BMI, fat mass, visceral fat, total TG and RQ; higher IGF-1 levels in Blacks | 784 French-Canadian subjects (Quebec Family Study) 778 subjects (276 Blacks and 502 Whites; HERITAGE Family Study) | [73] |
| Arg51Gln | Gln51 | Not observed among Blacks | 1442 subjects (741 from obese registry, 701 from normal reference population; SOS) | |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Higher BMI, earlier age of onset of obesity and reduced first phase insulin secretion | 70 tall and obese children | [74] |
|
| ||||
| Gln90Leu | Gln90 | Higher frequency in obese children, but also in underweight students | 215 extremely obese German children and adolescents, 93 normal-weight students,134 underweight students, 44 normal-weight adults | [75] |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Lower serum creatinine and lipoprotein a levels | 258 Finnish Caucasians with T2D and 522 controls | [76] |
|
| ||||
| Arg51Gln | Gln51 | Risk allele for hypertension and T2D; predictor of 2-h plasma glucose in OGTT; lower IGF-1 and higher IGFBP-1 concentrations in normotensives; lower AUC insulin | 519 hypertensive and 526 normotensive Finnish Caucasians | [77] |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | In obese/overweight: higher neonatal weight-for-age; earlier age at onset of obesity; higher IGF-1 concentration. | 81 obese or overweight and 96 normal-weight Italian children and adolescents and 72 normal-weight young adults | [6] |
|
| ||||
| 4427G>A | G | Diffuse large cell lymphoma | 684 healthy controls and 308 North American subjects with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | [78] |
|
| ||||
| Arg51Gln | Gln51 | Lower MetS frequencyHigher fasting glucose,TG, and frequency of MetS and lower HDL cholesterol | 856 Old Order Amish from US | [79] |
| Leu72Met | Met72 | |||
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | More depressed and anxious in patients with methamphetamine dependence. No association with methamphetamine dependence | 118 Koreans with methamphetamine dependence, 144 controls | [80] |
|
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| Leu72Met | No association with obesity | 222 obese Korean children | [81] | |
|
| ||||
| −1500C>G −1062G>C −994C>T Leu72Met |
C | Lower HDL cholesterol All four SNPs: no association with T2D |
760 T2D and 641 nondiabetic Koreans | [82] |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Leu72 | Higher TG, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Higher fasting insulin and HOMA-IR | 1420 Caucasians (500 normal weight and 920 overweight/obese) | [83] |
| −604>C/T | C | |||
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Lower allele frequency in diabetic nephropathy with renal dysfunction. Lower total cholesterol levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy with renal dysfunction | 138 subjects with diabetic nephropathy, 69 diabetics without nephropathy | [84] |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Lower creatinine levels in diabetic group. No association with T2D | 206 T2D, 80 controls | [28] |
|
| ||||
| −501A>C | A | Higher BMI | 1045 Finnish subjects from the Oulu Project Elucidating Risk for Atherosclerosis (OPERA) study | [85] |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | No association with weight loss | 771 obese Caucasian Europeans | [86] | |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Higher allele frequency in higher BMI group than in normal-weight group. Higher BMI, waist circumference, and change in body weight from age 18 | 2238 middle-aged and older Japanese people | [87] |
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Lower BMI in CAD patients but no association with CAD, no association with hypertension, T2D, or dyslipidaemia | 317 Chinese CAD patients, 323 controls | [88] |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Higher scores on Drive for Thinness-Body Dissatisfaction subscale | 264 Japanese women | [89] |
| 3056T > C | C | Higher weight, BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, sum of skinfold thicknesses, self-reported past min and max BMIs and lower HDL chol | ||
|
| ||||
| Arg51Gln Leu72Met |
Gln51 | Higher cholesterol levels over time. Subjects with Gln51and /or Met72 lost body weight faster than patients with Arg51/Leu72 | 210 hemodialysed patients prospectively followed up to 15 months | [90] |
|
| ||||
| Leu72Met | Met72 | Persons with 72Met allele have lower risk to develop T2DM | 507 persons with IGT: the Finnish diabetes prevention study | [91] |
|
| ||||
| −604G/A | G | Persons with the most common genotype combination of the SNPs 604G/-501A/, Leu72/GLN90 have significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure at baseline and during the 3-year follow-up | 507 persons with IGT: the Finnish diabetes prevention study | [92] |
| −501A/C | A | |||
| Leu72Met | Leu72 | |||
| GLN90Leu | GLN90 | |||