Table 1.
Baseline maternal characteristics
| Vitamins C and E (N=379) | Placebo (N=383) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 29·5 (5·6) | 29·6 (5·7) | |
| Gestation (weeks) | 14·3 (3·6) | 14·2 (3·4) | |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 27·6 (5·4) | 27·4 (4·6) | |
| Ethnic origin | |||
| White | 364 (96%) | 371 (97%) | |
| Black | 3 (1%) | 4 (1%) | |
| Asian | 6 (2%) | 5 (1%) | |
| Other/not known | 6 (2%) | 3 (1%) | |
| 12 years or fewer in full-time education | 140 (37%) | 159 (42%) | |
| Primigravida | 190 (50%) | 188 (49%) | |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||
| Systolic | 119·2 (12·2) | 118·4 (11·6) | |
| Diastolic | 74·6 (8·7) | 74·5 (8·4) | |
| Antihypertensive treatment before this pregnancy | 21 (6%) | 40 (10%) | |
| History of hypertension before pregnancy | 46 (12%) | 66 (17%) | |
| History of pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancy | 6 (2%) | 20 (5%) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| Duration (years) | 14·0 (8·3) | 15·0 (8·0) | |
| HbA1c at randomisation (%) | 7·2 (0·9) | 7·2 (1·0) | |
| Total daily insulin dose at randomisation (units) | 58 (44–73) | 56 (43–72) | |
| Renal status before this pregnancy | |||
| Normal | 355 (94%) | 338 (88%) | |
| Microalbuminuria | 13 (3%) | 23 (6%) | |
| Macroalbuminuria | 1 (<1%) | 3 (1%) | |
| 24-h urinary protein more than 3 g per 24 h | 0 | 4 (1%) | |
| Not known | 10 (3%) | 15 (4%) | |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio at randomisation (mg/mmol) | 0·71 (0·38–1·28) | 0·73 (0·41–1·95) | |
| Current smoker | 75 (20%) | 74 (19%) | |
| Taking aspirin at randomisation | 28 (7%) | 31 (8%) | |
| Taking multivitamin supplements at randomisation | 38 (10%) | 35 (9%) | |
Data are mean (SD), number (%), or median (IQR).