Table 3.
Joint effects of resting heart rate with BMI, WHR and BP on the risk of type 2 diabetes
| Resting heart rate, beats per minute | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ≤70 | 71–80 | >80 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Tertile 1 (≤22.0) | |||
| Number of subjects | 5347 | 8960 | 1619 |
| Number of cases | 22 | 57 | 16 |
| Multivariate HRa | 1.00 (reference) | 1.54 (0.94–2.52) | 2.09 (1.10–3.99) |
| Tertile 2 (22.1–24.7) | |||
| Number of subjects | 5162 | 8927 | 1633 |
| Number of cases | 45 | 133 | 22 |
| Multivariate HRa | 1.40 (0.84–2.34) | 2.44 (1.55–3.84) | 2.03 (1.12–3.67) |
| Tertile 3 (>24.7) | |||
| Number of subjects | 5103 | 8904 | 1916 |
| Number of cases | 149 | 309 | 96 |
| Multivariate HRa | 3.14 (1.99–4.96) | 3.86 (2.48–6.00) | 5.10 (3.18–8.19) |
| WHR | |||
| Tertile 1 (≤0.78) | |||
| Number of subjects | 5285 | 9022 | 1596 |
| Number of cases | 16 | 57 | 8 |
| Multivariate HR* | 1.00 (reference) | 2.05 (1.18–3.57) | 1.52 (0.65–3.54) |
| Tertile 2 (0.79–0.82) | |||
| Number of subjects | 5318 | 8944 | 1676 |
| Number of cases | 62 | 135 | 38 |
| Multivariate HR* | 2.56 (1.47–4.45) | 3.38 (2.01–5.69) | 4.85 (2.70–8.71) |
| Tertile 3 (>0.82) | |||
| Number of subjects | 5009 | 8825 | 1896 |
| Number of cases | 138 | 307 | 88 |
| Multivariate HR* | 4.02 (2.38–6.80) | 5.31 (3.19–8.84) | 6.34 (3.69–10.89) |
| BP (mmHg) | |||
| Normal (SBP < 120 and DBP < 80) | |||
| Number of subjects | 6732 | 10870 | 1777 |
| Number of cases | 33 | 75 | 12 |
| Multivariate HRa | 1.00 (reference) | 1.37 (0.91–2.06) | 1.26 (0.65–2.44) |
| Prehypertension (SBP: 120–139 or DBP: 80–89) | |||
| Number of subjects | 5838 | 11 023 | 2167 |
| Number of cases | 89 | 231 | 63 |
| Multivariate HRa | 2.03 (1.36–3.03) | 2.82 (1.95–4.07) | 3.69 (2.41–5.63) |
| Hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90) | |||
| Number of subjects | 3042 | 4898 | 1224 |
| Number of cases | 94 | 193 | 59 |
| Multivariate HRa | 3.03 (2.03–4.54) | 3.93 (2.70–5.72) | 4.81 (3.12–7.40) |
SBP, Systolic BP; DBP, Diastolic BP.
Variables were not included in the model when used for joint analysis.
aAdjusted for age, education, occupation, family income, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, WHR, physical activity and systolic BP.