Table 1.

Language, literacy and ability tests administered at 9–10 years

Instrument	Content
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) Block Design (non-verbal) (Wechsler 1999)	Match pictured patterns using blocks
WASI Vocabulary (Wechsler 1999)	Provide definitions for spoken words
Woodcock–Johnson III: Understanding Directions subtest (Woodcock et al. 2001)	Carry out verbal instructions of increasing complexity
Expression, Reception and Recall of Narrative Instrument (ERRNI) (Bishop 2004)	Tell a narrative from pictures, answer questions about it, and recall it from memory. Provides indices of semantic content from story telling and story recall, a measure of mean length of utterance in words (MLU), and a comprehension score
NEPSY (Korkman et al. 1998)
Sentence repetition	Repeat sentences of increasing length and complexity
Non-word repetition	Repeat meaningless sequences of two to five syllables
Oromotor sequences	Accurately repeat tongue-twisters
Memory for names	Recall name–face associations, immediately and after a delay
Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE) (Torgesen et al. 1999)	Rapidly read real words and non-words
Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (NARA-II): stories 1–4 (Neale 1997)	Accuracy and comprehension for passage reading