. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jul 30.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2009 Sep-Oct;44(5):600–615. doi: 10.1080/13682820802259662

Table 5.

Mean (standard deviation) scores on literacy tests in relation to which criteria met for language impairment, for clinically referred (CR) and not referred (NR) groups

Referral × DFA LI categorization	TOWRE words	TOWRE non-words	NARA accuracy	NARA comprehension
Not referred group (NR)
A. Unimpaired on DFA (n=149)	98.3	99.1	98.8	100.0
	(10.25)	(16.43)	(15.92)	(13.38)
B. LI on DFA (n=44)	81.0	80.5	78.8	81.1
	(12.74)	(13.92)	(11.55)	(7.77)
Clinically referred group (CR)
C. Unimpaired on DFA (n=14)	97.5	98.8	96.7	97.0
	(19.15)	(17.15)	(19.84)	(16.57)
D. LI on DFA (n=38)	86.9	86.7	86.4	90.2
	(15.57)	(17.12)	(15.64)	(13.73)

DFA, discriminant function analysis; LI, language impairment.