Table 2.
Characteristics of enrolled mothers and newborns by father's ethno-linguistic affiliation in the Kassena Nankana District, northeastern Ghana*
| Characteristic | Kasem | Nankam | Buli | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) households enrolled | 784 (34.4) | 1,324 (58.1) | 87 (3.8) | 84 (3.7) |
| Mother's age, years, mean ± 95% CI | 26.65 ± 0.46 | 27.41 ± 0.37 | 26.16 ± 1.38 | 25.73 ± 1.20 |
| Mother's education, years, mean ± 95% CI | 4.94 ± 0.31 | 2.42 ± 0.19 | 3.21 ± 0.78 | 7.54 ± 0.97 |
| Reporting no education, % | 31.1 | 58.5 | 51.7 | 11.9 |
| First-time pregnancies, % | 27.4 | 20.8 | 32.2 | 40.5 |
| Previous pregnancies, mean ± 95% CI | 3.70 ± 0.13 | 3.88 ± 0.10 | 3.81 ± 0.37 | 2.94 ± 0.30 |
| Previous death/miscarriage, % | 12.6 | 16.6 | 25.4 | 16.0 |
| ANC clinic visits during pregnancy, mean ± 95% CI | 4.99 ± 0.18 | 4.23 ± 0.12 | 5.52 ± 0.49 | 5.99 ± 0.57 |
| S/P doses during pregnancy, mean ± 95% CI | 1.83 ± 0.07 | 1.73 ± 0.06 | 1.71 ± 0.27 | 1.96 ± 0.23 |
| Reporting no S/P treatment, % | 14.4 | 18.3 | 28.7 | 13.1 |
| Meeting IPTp target, % | 33.5 | 30.1 | 39.1 | 41.7 |
| Bed net use during pregnancy, % | 54.6 | 52.3 | 73.6 | 42.9 |
| Pre-term births, % | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.0 |
| Birth weight, kg, mean ± 95% CI | 2.89 ± 0.03 | 2.88 ± 0.03 | 2.88 ± 0.09 | 2.91 ± 0.07 |
| Low birth weight (< 2,500 grams), % | 15.9 | 21.0 | 11.5 | 5.9 |
| Low birth weight primigravid only, % | 23.3 | 32.4 | 17.9 | 5.9 |
| Low birth weight multigravid only, % | 13.2 | 18.0 | 8.5 | 6.0 |
| Cord blood Hb (g/dL), mean ± 95% CI | 14.15 ± 0.16 | 14.27 ± 0.14 | 14.63 ± 0.51 | 14.46 ± 0.50 |
| Severe neonatal anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL), % | 5.6 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 5.0 |
| Fetal anemia (Hb < 12.5 g/dL), % | 21.1 | 22.9 | 13.9 | 15.0 |
| All-cause infant mortality by 20–33 months, % | 6.4 | 4.8 | 3.4 | 3.6 |
*
Other comprises non-local, but mainly Ghanaian ethno-linguistic groups; CI = confidence interval; ANC = antenatal care; S/P = sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; IPTp = intermittent preventive treatment; Hb = hemoglobin.