Table 4.
Comparative analysis of enrolled mothers and newborns stratified by mother's reproductive status (primigravid vs. multigravid) in the Kassena Nankana District, northeastern Ghana*
| Characteristic | Primigravid | Multigravid | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| No (%) enrolled | 552 (24.2) | 1727 (75.8) | |
| Mother's age, years, mean ± 95% CI | 20.48 ± 0.25 | 29.13 ± 0.29 | < 0.0001 |
| Mother's education, years, mean ± 95% CI | 5.86 ± 0.36 | 2.76 ± 0.18 | < 0.0001 |
| ANC clinic visits, mean ± 95% CI | 4.96 ± 0.20 | 4.49 ± 0.11 | < 0.0001 |
| S/P doses during pregnancy, mean ± 95% CI | 1.85 ± 0.09 | 1.75 ± 0.05 | < 0.0001 |
| Receiving no S/P (%) | 86/551 (16) | 305/1,727 (18) | NS |
| Meeting IPTp target (3 S/P doses) (%) | 193/551 (35) | 538/1,727 (31) | 0.09 |
| Bed net use during pregnancy (%) | 229/552 (41) | 991/1,727 (57) | < 0.0001 |
| Birth weight, kg, mean ± 95% CI | 2.72 ± 0.04 | 2.94 ± 0.02 | < 0.0001 |
| Low birth weight (< 2,500 grams) (%) | 146/551 (26) | 272/1727 (16) | < 0.0001 |
| Cord blood Hb (g/dL), mean ± 95% CI | 14.40 ± 0.19 | 14.20 ± 0.12 | 0.10 |
| Neonatal anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL) (%) | 21/478 (4) | 111/1410 (8) | 0.009 |
| Fetal anemia (Hb < 12.5 g/dL) (%) | 77/478 (16.1) | 330/1410 (23.4) | 0.001 |
| Cord blood parasitemia (%) | 13/549 (2) | 34/1709 (2) | NS |
| All-cause infant death by 20–33 months (%) | 36/552 (6.5) | 84/1727 (4.9) | NS |
*
CI = confidence interval; ANC = antenatal care; S/P = sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; NS = not significant; IPTp = intermittent preventive treatment; Hb = hemoglobin.