Table 1.
Malaria Epidemiologic Factors and Control Measures
| Epidemiologic Factors | Human Genetic Resistance | |||
| Environment | Mosquito | Parasite | Humans | |
| Standing water | Density | Multiplication rate | Genetic resistance | Thalassemias |
| Temperature | Duration of sporogony | Virulence | Nutrient status, age | Hemoglobinopathies (i.e., sickle trait) |
| Humidity | Blood meal frequency | Drug resistance | Coinfection—worms, HIV | Duffy factor negative |
| Altitude | Mosquito lifespan | Antigenic diversity | Behavior, pregnancy, deforestation | Glucose-6-phosphate deficiency |
| Species permissiveness | Housing, occupational exposure | Hereditary spherocytosis | ||
| Behavior of biting habits | Cytokine mutations | |||
| Control Measures | ||||
| Larval control | Indoor residual spraying | Rapid diagnostic tests | Intermittent presumptive treatment of children or during pregnancy | |
| Water engineering | Bednets | Effective drug therapy | Health infrastructure | |
| Education | ||||
Abbreviation: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.