Table 1.
Subject demographic and neuropsychological features
| Healthy controls | bvFTD | Alzheimer’s disease | Overall ANOVA (F, df) | bvFTD/Alzheimer’s disease | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 62.0 (89.2) | 60.8 (4.6) | 63.3 (7.7) | 0.4, 35 | 66.9 (9.9) |
| M:F, n | 5:7 | 6:6 | 5:7 | χ2 = 0.3, 1 | 3:1 |
| Handedness R:L, n | 11:1 | 11:1 | 11:1 | NA | 4:0 |
| Education, years | 15.8 (3.1) | 14.6 (2.2) | 15.1 (3.9) | 0.41, 35 | 15.8 (3.1) |
| Illness duration, years | NA | 3.9 (2.0) | 4.2 (2.2) | 0.18, 22 | 3.7 (1.3) |
| CDR, total | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.4)h | 1.0 (0.4)h | 24.8, 31 | 1.1 (0.6) |
| CDR, sum of boxes | 0.0 (0.0) | 5.6 (2.2)h | 5.4 (1.9)h | 30.6, 31 | 6.5 (3.1) |
| MMSE (max = 30) | 29.6 (0.7) | 25.9 (4.0) | 21.2 (5.1)hb | 12.8, 33 | 25.3 (3.3) |
| CVLT-SF, four learning trials, total (max = 36) | NC | 22.5 (5.8) | 17.5 (6.0) | 4.0, 22 | 18.0 (7.3) |
| CVLT-SF, 10 min recall, score (max = 9) | NC | 4.0 (2.8) | 1.1 (1.5)b | 9.2, 22 | 2.0 (3.4) |
| Modified Rey-O copy (max = 17)* | 15.6 (1.0) | 14.4 (1.7) | 9.3 (6.4)hb | 6.5, 28 | 15.3 (1.3) |
| Modified Rey-O 10 min recall (max =17)* | 11.6 (1.3) | 7.4 (3.9)h | 1.9 (2.2)hb | 23.4, 28 | 3.8 (5.2) |
| Digit span backward* | 5.4 (1.5) | 3.9 (0.9)h | 3.5 (1.4)h | 5.4, 29 | 4.5 (1.9) |
| Modified trails (correct lines per minute)* | 43.5 (20.2) | 7.3 (9.9)h | 19.2 (11.2)h | 8.2, 29 | 15.2 (8.9) |
| Design fluency (correct designs per minute)* | 13.5 (2.4) | 6.3 (4.2)h | 3.0 (2.4)h | 12.5, 21 | 4.0 (2.9) |
| Letter fluency (‘D’ words in 1 min)* | 16.6 (1.8) | 9.3 (6.6)h | 8.7 (4.8)h | 5.7, 29 | 9.0 (3.8) |
| Semantic fluency (animals in 1 min)* | 21.1 (4.9) | 11.8 (5.6)h | 8.9 (3.7)h | 14.5, 29 | 10.3 (6.8) |
| Abbreviated BNT (max = 15) | 14.3 (1.0) | 12.3 (2.6) | 10.8 (4.4) | 2.5, 29 | 11.0 (3.6) |
| Calculations (max = 5)* | 5.0 (0.0) | 4.2 (0.8) | 2.8 (1.5)hb | 9.6, 29 | 3.8 (1.3) |
| NPI frequency × severity (max = 144) | NC | 36.5 (18.1)a | 20.6 (23.1) | 3.2, 20 | 46.0 (30.6) |
| NPI, caregiver distress sum (max = 60) | NC | 18.7 (10.5)a | 9.7 (8.7) | 4.3, 20 | 28.7 (20.6) |
Values represent mean (SD). Superscript letters indicate whether group mean was significantly worse than healthy controls (h), Alzheimer’s disease (a) or bvFTD (b), based on post hoc pairwise comparisons (P < 0.05). The far right column describes four patients with bvFTD versus Alzheimer’s disease who were not entered into the clinical feature ANOVA but were used to test the ICN diagnostic algorithm. Eight measures marked with asterisks were used for three-class classification in linear discriminant analyses.
BNT = Boston Naming Test; CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating; CVLT-SF = California Verbal Learning Test-Short form; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; NA = not applicable; NC = not collected; NPI = Neuropsychiatric Inventory.