Table 4.

Adjusted^a odds ratio of FEV₁/FVC <0.7 for selected covariate relations

Covariate (referent)	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value
Men (women)	1.22	1.19–1.26	<0.0001
Age 50–59 years (<40 years)	1.29	1.25–1.34	<0.0001
Age 60–69 years (<40 years)	1.76	1.69–1.83	<0.0001
Age ≥70 years (<40 years)	2.27	2.14–2.41	<0.0001
African American (white)	0.80	0.77–0.83	<0.0001
Asian American (white)	0.89	0.83–0.95	0.0003
Other ethnicity (white)	0.91	0.85–0.97	0.002
College graduate (no college)	0.82	0.79–0.84	<0.0001
Ex-smoker (never)	1.15	1.11–1.20	<0.0001
Smoke <1 ppd (never)	1.34	1.29–1.39	<0.0001
Smoke ≤1 ppd (never)	1.71	1.65–1.77	<0.0001
Compositeb “yes” (“no”)	1.45	1.41–1.48	<0.0001

^a Versus FEV₁/FVC ≥0.7 by logistic regression models for age, ethnicity, body mass index, education, smoking, alcohol, and cardiorespiratory composite.

^b “Yes” if positive to any of 47 history and/or symptom items.

FEV₁/FVC = ratio of one-second forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity; ppd = pack(s) per day.