TABLE 2.
GROUP CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY IN THOSE WITH SPIROMETRY RESULTS
| All EP | Classmates (C) | EP – C Δ (95% CI) | EP: BPD | EP: No BPD | BPD – No BPD Δ (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 182 | 161 | 129 | 53 | ||
| Boys, % | 43% | 43% | 1% (−10; 11%) | 59 (46%) | 20 (38%) | 8% (−7; 24%) |
| Age, yr | 10.9 (0.38) | 10.9 (0.55) | 0.0 (−0.1; 0.1) | 11.0 (0.4) | 10.9 (0.4) | −0.1 (−0.2; 0.0) |
| Height, z-score | −0.48 (0.99) | 0.11 (0.96) | −0.58 (−0.8; −0.4)* | −0.47 (0.99) | −0.48 (0.98) | −0.00 (−0.3; 0.3) |
| Weight, z-score | −0.41 (1.29) | 0.17 (1.15) | −0.57 (−0.8; −0.3)* | −0.37 (1.31) | −0.49 (1.25) | 0.13 (−0.3; 0.5) |
| BMI, z-score | −0.27 (1.4) | 0.13 (1.3) | −0.39 (−0.7; −0.1)† | −0.22 (1.4) | −0.39 (1.4) | 0.17 (−0.28, 0.62) |
| Puberty (Tanner stage 3), % | 30% | 26% | 3% (−7; 13%) | 29% | 31% | −2% (−18; 12%) |
| White mother, % | 179 (82%) | 135 (88%) | −6% (−13; 1%) | 108 (84%) | 43 (81%) | 3% (−8%; 17%) |
| Passive smoke exposure | 38% | 30% | 8% (−3; 18%) | 41% | 31% | 10% (−6; 24%) |
| Physical examination‡ | ||||||
| Chest asymmetry | 6 (3.3%) | 1 (0.6%) | 3% (0; 5.6%) | 6 (4.7%) | 0 (0%) | 5% (0; 8%) |
| Harrison's sulci | 16 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 9% (5; 13%)* | 15 (12%) | 1 (2%) | 10% (3; 17%)§ |
| Pectus excavatum | 29 (17%) | 3 (2%) | 15% (10; 20%)* | 23 (19%) | 6 (12%) | 7% (−4; 18%) |
| Pectus carinatum | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1% (−0; 3.0%) | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 2% (−0; 4%) |
| Respiratory morbidity in past 12 mo‖ | ||||||
| Current asthma¶ | 42 (25%) | 20 (13%) | 12% (4; 21%)† | 32 (28%) | 10 (19%) | 9% (−5; 22%) |
| Asthma medication | 41 (25%) | 16 (11%) | 14% (6; 22%)† | 31 (27%) | 10 (19%) | 8% (−6; 21%) |
| Seen by respiratory specialist | 14 (8%) | 4 (3%) | 6% (1; 11%)§ | 7 (6%) | 7 (14%) | −8% (−20; 3%) |
| Wheeze | 35 (21%) | 21 (14%) | 7% (−2; 15%) | 29 (25%) | 6 (12%) | 13% (2; 25%)§ |
| Number of wheeze attacks over past 12 mo | ||||||
| 1–3 | 19 (11%) | 14 (9%) | P = 0.039** | 17 (15%) | 2 (4%) | P = 0.061** |
| 4–12 | 12 (7%) | 5 (3%) | 8 (7%) | 4 (8%) | ||
| >12 | 4 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Sleep disturbed by wheeze | ||||||
| <1 night/wk | 11 (7%) | 7 (5%) | P = 0.073** | 9 (8%) | 2 (4%) | P = 0.43** |
| ≥1 night/wk | 7 (4%) | 1 (1%) | 5 (4%) | 2 (4%) | ||
| Speech limited by wheezing | 8 (5%) | 2 (1%) | 3% (−0; 7%) | 6 (5%) | 2 (4%) | 1% (−5; 8%) |
| Exercise-induced wheeze | 34 (21%) | 13 (9%) | 12% (4; 19%)† | 27 (24%) | 7 (13%) | 10% (−2; 23%) |
| Nocturnal cough | 33 (20%) | 16 (11%) | 9% (1; 17%)§ | 25 (22%) | 8 (15%) | 6% (−6; 19%) |
| Maternal education > 16 yr, % | 121 (67%) | 119 (77%) | −10% (−19; 0%)§ | 83 (65%) | 38 (72%) | −7% (−20; 9%) |
Definition of abbreviations: Δ (95% CI) = difference in mean or proportion between groups, with 95% confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; BPD = bronchopulmonary dysplasia; EP = extremely preterm.
Results are presented as mean (SD) or n (%). Boldface entries indicate significance.
P < 0.001.
P < 0.01.
Physical examination in 181 children born EP and 160 classmates.
P < 0.05.
Among those with successful spirometry, the respiratory questionnaire was returned by 168 children born EP (116 with BPD, 52 without BPD) and 148 classmates.
Current asthma defined as either (1) a doctor diagnosis of asthma (at any time) and either respiratory symptoms or asthma medication in the last 12 months, or (2) asthma medication and respiratory symptoms in the past 12 months even if no recall of prior doctor diagnosis.
P value calculated from nonparametric test for trend.