NA activates the cAMP 2nd messenger pathway. A) Bar graph shows that ISO (100 μM)-mediated neuroprotection against 10 μM Aβ in hNT neurons is blocked by PKI (1 μM), an inhibitor of PKA. Application of dbcAMP (1 μM), a permeable cAMP analog, mimicked ISO treatment. *, p < 0.001 vs. CTL; **, p < 0.001 vs. Aβ; n = 8/treatment group in 3 independent experiments. B) Western blot showing increased phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) immunoreactivity after 30 minutes in NA-treated hNT cultures. This effect was mimicked by ISO and dbcAMP. C) Quantitative analysis revealed an approximately 6–8 fold increase in pCREB immunoreactivity following NA, ISO, or dbcAMP treatments (n = 6). *, p < 0.001 compared to CTL.