Figure 1.

Molecular mechanisms of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs). PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate gene expression through two mechanisms: transactivation and transrepression. In transactivation, PPAR-RXR heterodimers bind to DNA-specific sequences called peroxisome proliferator-response elements (PPREs), which are located in the promoter regions of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. PPARs may also regulate gene expression through a DNA-independent mechanism called transrepression. Through this mechanism, PPARs inhibit the activity of several transcription factors such as Nuclear Factor-κB, which leads to anti-inflammatory effects. STAT denotes signal transducers and activators of transcription, IS-GFRE is the interferon-stimulated gene factor responsive element, and TRE is the TPA responsive element, where TPA is a phorbol ester.