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Endogenous ligand recognition by TLRs. The co-receptor(s) and accessory molecule(s) required by DAMPs for recognition by TLR(s) and subsequent cellular activation are shown. (a) TLRs localised on the plasma membrane; (b) TLRs resident in intracellular compartments. (*)HMGB1 may require MD-2 and CD14 for TLR4 activation (see [96]).
