Figure 1. Nanoparticle interactions with plasma proteins and blood immune cells.
The main modes of interactions include (A) nonspecific protein adsorption on the particle surface (opsonization) and phagocytosis by leukocytes (e.g., monocytes), (B) nonspecific nanoparticle–cell membrane interactions (electrostatic or hydrophobic) and (C) fluid-phase pinocytosis.
Adapted with permission from Aaron Mohs, Nie Group, Emory University, GA, USA.