| Delamination |
Slug |
Involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
(Nieto et al., 1994) |
| Delamination |
RhoB |
Necessary for correct delamination of NCCs |
(Liu and Jessell, 1998) |
| Delamination |
Cadherins |
Cell-cell adhesion molecules that control the timing of emigration, delamination and migration |
(Borchers et al., 2001; Coles et al., 2007; Kashef et al., 2009; McCusker et al., 2009; Taneyhill, 2008) |
| Migration |
Hox genes |
Maintain segmental identity of cranial NCCs |
Reviewed by (Trainor and Krumlauf, 2000) |
| Migration |
Integrins |
Mediate NCC motility on fibronectin in avian, Xenopus and mouse |
(Alfandari et al., 2003; Strachan and Condic, 2003; Strachan and Condic, 2008) |
| Migration |
Chemokines |
Regulate cell migration and patterning in zebrafish |
(Olesnicky Killian et al., 2009) |
| Migration |
EphA4, EphB1 and ephrin-B2 |
Prevent intermingling of third and second arch Xenopus NCCs |
(Smith et al., 1997) |
| Migration |
Multiple Ephs and ephrins |
Restricts avian and murine NCCs into streams by Inhibiting migration into NCC- free zones |
(Adams et al., 2001; Davy et al., 2004; Mellott and Burke, 2008) |
| Migration |
Neuropilin-1 and Semaphorin- 3A, -3F |
Avian and murine cranial NCCs express neuropilin-1 and are repelled by semaphorin-3A |
(Eickholt et al., 1999; Gammill et al., 2007; Osborne et al., 2005; Schwarz et al., 2008) |
| Migration |
Neuropilin-1a,- 1b, -2a, -2b and Semaphorin- 3Fa, -3Ga |
Restricts zebrafish NCCs into streams by inhibiting migration into NCC-free zones |
(Yu and Moens, 2005) |
| Migration |
Wnt11r |
Promotes Xenopus cranial NCC migration |
(Matthews et al., 2008) |
| Migration |
Myosin-X |
Promotes migration and segregation of Xenopus cranial NCCs |
(Hwang et al., 2009; Nie et al., 2009) |
| Induction, Migration and Differentiation |
BMPs |
Multiple roles |
Reviewed by (Nie et al., 2006) |
| Migration |
Retinoic Acid |
Mediates the segmental migration of cranial NCCs |
(Dupe and Pellerin, 2009; Menegola et al., 2004); (Lee et al., 1995); (Pratt et al., 1987) |
| Migration |
RhoA |
Influences migration rate and filopodia dynamics |
(Rupp and Kulesa, 2007) |
| Migration and differentiation |
Laminin alpha5 |
Required for proper migration and timely differentiation of a subset of murine cranial NCCs |
(Coles et al., 2006) |
| Migration and differentiation |
Disc1 |
Represses transcription of foxd3 and sox10 |
(Drerup et al., 2009) |
| Migration |
ErbB4 |
Maintains the r3-adjacent NCC-free zone |
(Golding et al., 2004; Golding et al., 2000) |
| Migration |
Chokh/rx3 |
Mutant chokh/rx3 zebrafish lack eyes and have disorganized NCC dorsal anterior migration |
(Langenberg et al., 2008) |
| Target invasion |
Neuropilin-1 and VEGF |
VEGF attracts neuropilin-1 expressing NCCs into branchial arch 2 |
(McLennan and Kulesa, 2007; McLennan et al., 2010) |
| Trigeminal ganglion formation |
Neuropilin-2 and Semaphorin- 3F |
Mice with null mutations in either molecule display improperly formed ganglia |
(Gammill et al., 2007) |
| Trigeminal ganglion formation |
Robo2 and Slit1 |
Disruption of either molecule results in disorganized ganglia |
(Shiau et al., 2008) |
| Palatogenesis |
PDGF and MicroRNA Mirn140 |
PDGF is required for NCCs to contribute to cranial mesenchyme and attracts zebrafish NC-derived palatal precursors |
(Eberhart et al., 2008; Tallquist and Soriano, 2003) |
| Target invasion |
FGFR1 |
Provides a permissive environment for NCC migration into branchial arch 2 |
(Trokovic et al., 2005) |
| Target invasion |
Endothelin-1 and endothelin A receptor |
Required for proper migration into or within the arches |
(Abe et al., 2007; Clouthier et al., 2003; Pla and Larue, 2003); (Clouthier et al., 2000) |
| Survival and proliferation |
Msx1 and Msx2 |
Mouse mutants display impaired cranial NCC patterning, survival and proliferation |
(Han et al., 2003; Ishii et al., 2005) |
| Survival and/or differentiation |
B-catenin |
Conditional inactivation of B- catenin results in increased apoptosis in mouse cranial NCCs and craniofacial malformations |
(Brault et al., 2001) |
| Survival |
Sonic Hedgehog |
Reduction in sonic hedgehog signaling leads to increased neural tube and NCC death |
(Ahlgren and Bronner-Fraser, 1999; Jeong et al., 2004) |
| Survival and differentiation |
Dlx2 |
Involved in survival of zebrafish cranial NCCs and differentiation of sensory ganglia |
(Sperber et al., 2008) |
| Survival, proliferation and differentiation |
Pinch1 |
Required for multiple steps for the development of murine cranial NCC-derived structures |
(Liang et al., 2007) |
| Proliferation |
TGF-beta |
Mediates FGF signaling which is required for cranial NCC proliferation |
(Iwata et al., 1999; Oka et al., 2008; Sasaki et al., 2006) |
| Proliferation and differentiation |
FGF2 |
Depending on the concentration of FGF2, either proliferation is enhanced or cartilage differentiation is induced |
(Sarkar et al., 2001) |
