Table 1.

Conceptual frameworks guiding development of control and experimental conditions

Concepts	Application
Culturally targeted presentation (control condition)
• Peripheral strategies. Making materials attractive to the culture.	• Materials featured Native Hawaiian artwork and scenery.
• Evidential strategies. Presenting evidence of the relevance of the problem to the ethnic group.	• Materials included information on CRC's impact on Native Hawaiians.
• Linguistic strategies. Including words and phrases from the group's language.	• Materials featured Native Hawaiian words and phrases.
• Constituent-involving strategies. Drawing directly on the experience of members of the ethnic group.	• Materials featured Native Hawaiian faces and were delivered at regularly scheduled civic club meetings.
• Sociocultural strategies. Recognizing and working from the group's cultural values, beliefs, behaviors, and context.	• Materials addressed the cultural context of lower-than-average insurance coverage and delayed access to care among Native Hawaiians. In respect for the value of ohana (family), people of any age were welcome at presentations.
SLT-inspired components added to culturally targeted presentation (experimental condition)
• Expectations. Individual believes that action will have desired results.	• The culturally targeted presentation was delivered by a Native Hawaiian physician and CRC survivor, who spoke to raise expectations about the need for, right to, and benefit of CRC screening.
• Observational learning. Individual's beliefs are based on observing respected others.	• Native Hawaiian physician and CRC survivor were respected role models. Survivor found cancer through screening and took immediate action.
• Behavioral capability. Individual has necessary knowledge and skills.	• Use of the FOBT kit to collect stool samples was demonstrated using a child's potty and Play-Doh stools.
• Self-efficacy. Individual has confidence in his/her ability to take action.	• Participants had opportunity for return FOBT demonstration. Both speakers expressed confidence in participants’ ability to follow-through with screening. Participants were challenged to engage a family member in free FOBT screening.
• Reciprocal determinism. Behavior change results from interactions between people and the environment.	• Speakers raised group expectations about the need for, right to, and benefit of CRC screening. Participants received reminder calls. Participants were challenged to engage a family member in free FOBT screening.
• Reinforcement. Motivation to change can be increased by appropriate prompts and feedback.	• Participants received multiple telephone calls to encourage screening and to address barriers.