Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of women's participation in decision making and socio-background characteristics
| Socio-demographic Characteristics | Own health care | Major household purchases | Purchases daily household needs | Visits to her family or relatives | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratios | 95% CI | Odds Ratios | 95% CI | Odds Ratios | 95% CI | Odds Ratios | 95% CI | |
| Age | ||||||||
| 15-19 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 20-24 | 2.88*** | (2.33, 3.56) | 2.95*** | (2.37, 3.67) | 2.88*** | (2.34, 3.55) | 2.67*** | (2.18, 3.26) |
| 25-29 | 4.60*** | (3.73, 5.67) | 5.70*** | (4.60, 7.08) | 6.29*** | (5.12, 7.74) | 4.82*** | (3.95, 5.89) |
| 30-34 | 5.28*** | (4.25, 6.56) | 8.97*** | (7.17, 11.23) | 9.65*** | (7.77, 11.99) | 7.13*** | (5.78, 8.79) |
| 35-39 | 6.02*** | (4.83, 7.50) | 10.22*** | (8.13, 12.84) | 11.72*** | (9.37, 14.65) | 8.55*** | (6.90, 10.60) |
| 40-44 | 6.91*** | (5.52, 8.65) | 13.77*** | (10.87, 17.45) | 13.88*** | (11.01, 17.49) | 11.95*** | (9.54, 14.97) |
| 45-49 | 7.43*** | (5.88, 9.40) | 13.48*** | (10.53, 17.27) | 13.39*** | (10.50, 17.07) | 13.35*** | (10.49, 16.99) |
| Employment (past 12 months) | ||||||||
| Not employed | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Employed for cash | 1.91*** | (1.67, 2.19) | 2.69*** | (2.34, 3.08) | 2.84*** | (2.46, 3.28) | 2.84*** | (2.46, 3.26) |
| Employed not for cash | 0.91 | (0.81, 1.03) | 0.75*** | (0.67, 0.85) | 0.76*** | (0.67, 0.86) | 0.84** | (0.74, 0.95) |
| Number of living children | ||||||||
| 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 1-2 | 2.93*** | (2.46, 3.49) | 3.45*** | (2.89, 4.12) | 3.75*** | (3.16, 4.46) | 3.09*** | (2.62, 3.65) |
| 3-4 | 4.13*** | (3.46, 4.93) | 6.43*** | (5.37, 7.70) | 7.29*** | (6.10, 8.71) | 5.53*** | (4.66, 6.57) |
| 5+ | 4.35*** | (3.57, 5.29) | 6.17*** | (5.05, 7.55) | 7.92*** | (6.48, 9.69) | 5.92*** | (4.87, 7.19) |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Rural | 0.70*** | (0.62, 0.79) | 0.58*** | (0.51, 0.66) | 0.48*** | (0.42, 0.55) | 0.57*** | (0.50, 0.65) |
| Ecological zone | ||||||||
| Mountain | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Hill | 1.32** | (1.10, 1.57) | 1.50*** | (1.26, 1.79) | 1.74*** | (1.46, 2.07) | 1.68*** | (1.41, 2.01) |
| Terai | 1.05 | (0.89, 1.26) | 1.12 | (0.94, 1.33) | 1.16 | (0.98, 1.38) | 1.04 | (0.88, 1.24) |
| Development region | ||||||||
| Eastern | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Central | 1.01 | (0.90, 1.14) | 1.02 | (0.91, 1.15) | 1.01 | (0.90, 1.15) | 0.97 | (0.85, 1.09) |
| Western | 1.28*** | (1.12, 1.46) | 0.89 | (0.77, 1.02) | 0.82** | (0.71, 0.94) | 0.97 | (0.84, 1.11) |
| Mid-western | 0.98 | (0.83, 1.14) | 0.85 | (0.73, 1.00) | 0.82* | (0.70, 0.97) | 1.13 | (0.96, 1.32) |
| Far-western | 0.88 | (0.75, 1.02) | 0.92 | (0.79, 1.06) | 0.55*** | (0.47, 0.64) | 0.75*** | (0.64, 0.87) |
| Education | ||||||||
| No Education | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Primary | 0.89 | (0.79, 1.01) | 0.79*** | (0.70, 0.89) | 0.81** | (0.72, 0.91) | 0.77*** | (0.68, 0.87) |
| Some secondary | 0.98 | (0.87, 1.10) | 0.73*** | (0.65, 0.82) | 0.79*** | (0.71, 0.89) | 0.82** | (0.73, 0.92) |
| Higher (SLC and above) | 1.58** | (1.20, 2.07) | 1.41* | (1.07, 1.86) | 1.34* | (1.01, 1.78) | 1.38* | (1.04, 1.84) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Poorest | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Poorer | 1.16* | (1.01, 1.34) | 1.03 | (0.89, 1.18) | 1.04 | (0.90, 1.19) | 0.96 | (0.84, 1.11) |
| Middle | 0.88 | (0.77, 1.01) | 0.77*** | (0.67, 0.89) | 0.76*** | (0.66, 0.87) | 0.73*** | (0.64, 0.84) |
| Richer | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.10) | 0.91 | (0.79, 1.05) | 0.97 | (0.84, 1.12) | 0.87 | (0.75, 1.00) |
| Richest | 1.33*** | (1.16, 1.53) | 1.65*** | (1.43, 1.90) | 1.88*** | (1.63, 2.18) | 1.47*** | (1.28, 1.70) |
Notes: OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.