Table 1.
Distribution of Traditional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors at Follow-up Year 20, According to 3 Indices of Year 20 Body Mass Indexa and Its History, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, 1985–2006
| Quintile 1 (n = 448) |
Quintile 2 (n = 449) |
Quintile 3 (n = 449) |
Quintile 4 (n = 449) |
Quintile 5 (n = 448) |
P Value | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | ||
| BMI at Year 0 |
|||||||||||
| <20.7 |
20.7–<22.5 |
22.5–<24.2 |
24.2–<26.9 |
≥26.9 |
|||||||
| Age, years | 45.0 (3.6) | 44.9 (3.4) | 45.1 (3.5) | 45.9 (3.5) | 45.6 (3.6) | <0.01 | |||||
| Female sex, % | 71.2 | 58.1 | 45.9 | 43.7 | 59.6 | 0.02 | |||||
| White race/ethnicity, % | 63.6 | 66.1 | 61.7 | 60.1 | 41.1 | <0.01 | |||||
| Current smoker, % | 16.5 | 14.9 | 19.2 | 19.4 | 18.3 | 0.35 | |||||
| Physical activity score, exercise unitsb | 332 (260) | 388 (298) | 363 (275) | 332 (254) | 273 (257) | <0.01 | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 112.1 (13.9) | 113.5 (14.4) | 115.2 (13.3) | 116.1 (12.7) | 119.8 (15.9) | <0.01 | |||||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 60.5 (18.2) | 57.9 (17.0) | 53.3 (16.2) | 51.2 (15.2) | 50.4 (15.4) | <0.01 | |||||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 108.9 (32.6) | 108.9 (29.7) | 111.6 (33.0) | 113.0 (30.0) | 110.3 (30.7) | 0.20 | |||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 95.6 (76.0) | 96.1 (58.5) | 112.9 (83.8) | 121.9 (88.8) | 123.6 (90.3) | <0.01 | |||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 92.7 (13.6) | 92.8 (11.1) | 96.1 (24.7) | 98.4 (20.5) | 107.1 (36.1) | <0.01 | |||||
| Slope of BMI Change From Year 0 to Year 20, units/year |
|||||||||||
| −1.12 to <0.08 |
0.08–<0.17 |
0.17–<0.25 |
0.25–<0.40 |
0.40–1.16 |
|||||||
| Age, years | 45.5 (3.2) | 46.0 (3.2) | 45.5 (3.4) | 45.2 (3.7) | 44.3 (3.9) | <0.01 | |||||
| Female sex, % | 59.8 | 46.1 | 47.2 | 51.7 | 73.7 | <0.01 | |||||
| White race/ethnicity, % | 66.7 | 69.9 | 64.1 | 51.2 | 40.6 | <0.01 | |||||
| Current smoker, % | 24.3 | 19.4 | 16.9 | 15.1 | 12.5 | <0.01 | |||||
| Physical activity score, exercise units | 394 (276) | 374 (264) | 333 (277) | 300 (250) | 285 (278) | <0.01 | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 113.1 (15.1) | 113.6 (13.8) | 115.4 (14.2) | 117.8 (13.6) | 116.9 (14.2) | <0.01 | |||||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 63.5 (19.7) | 56.9 (16.7) | 51.8 (14.9) | 50.9 (14.9) | 50.2 (13.8) | <0.01 | |||||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 98.3 (28.8) | 111.6 (31.0) | 115.3 (31.0) | 114.5 (31.5) | 112.93 (30.8) | <0.01 | |||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 87.5 (66.3) | 100.1 (68.4) | 114.5 (82.3) | 123.9 (94.3) | 124.0 (85.2) | <0.01 | |||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 96.0 (33.2) | 95.6 (21.2) | 96.2 (19.1) | 99.1 (19.3) | 100.1 (21.9) | <0.01 | |||||
| Fluctuation in BMI From Year 0 to Year 20 |
|||||||||||
| 0.11–<0.63 |
0.63–<0.91 |
0.91–<1.21 |
1.21–<1.79 |
1.79–9.07 |
|||||||
| Age, years | 45.4 (3.3) | 45.6 (3.5) | 45.3 (3.5) | 45.3 (3.5) | 44.9 (3.8) | 0.03 | |||||
| Female sex, % | 44.9 | 48.6 | 53.9 | 58.1 | 73.0 | <0.01 | |||||
| White race/ethnicity, % | 70.3 | 63.0 | 62.4 | 50.6 | 46.4 | <0.01 | |||||
| Current smoker, % | 14.5 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 21.2 | 23.0 | <0.01 | |||||
| Physical activity score, exercise units | 410 (288) | 345 (258) | 339 (268) | 311 (269) | 281 (259) | <0.01 | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 112.6 (12.0) | 114.6 (14.2) | 115.2 (13.9) | 118.1 (15.7) | 116.3 (14.9) | <0.01 | |||||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 57.6 (18.4) | 56.3 (17.5) | 54.3 (16.3) | 52.6 (15.2) | 52.5 (16.1) | <0.01 | |||||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 105.0 (30.5) | 113.3 (31.8) | 111.0 (23.9) | 114.1 (33.2) | 109.3 (30.9) | <0.01 | |||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 97.7 (74.6) | 105.3 (66.1) | 111.1 (77.8) | 117.4 (97.6) | 118.5 (84.8) | <0.01 | |||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 93.2 (11.5) | 95.8 (18.0) | 96.3 (19.5) | 99.5 (28.7) | 102.1 (32.8) | <0.01 | |||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation.
a
Weight (kg)/height (m)2.
b
Physical activity score was derived from the CARDIA Physical Activity History questionnaire (17), a simplified version of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Physical activity is expressed in arbitrary exercise units. The theoretical range of the scores is 0 to 2,592; the actual maximum was 1,770.