Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Healthy control | Heart failure | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 43.2 ± 2.9 | 54.2 ± 5.1 | 0.14 |
| Sex (M/F) | 6/4 | 6/4 | 1.00 |
| Height (cm) | 174.4 ± 2.8 | 172.9 ± 2.7 | 0.69 |
| Weight (kg) | 79.1 ± 3.0 | 87.9 ± 6.1 | 0.21 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 26.1 ± 1.2 | 29.4 ± 2.0 | 0.17 |
 (ml kg−1 min−1) |
34.9 ± 3.0 | 17.1 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 30.6 ± 2.6 | ||
| NYHA Class | I = 3 II = 7 | ||
| Aetiology (ischaemic/idiopathic) | 5/5 | ||
| Medications | |||
| ACE inhibitors | 5 (50) | ||
| AII receptor blockers | 4 (40) | ||
| ß-Blockers | 9 (90) | ||
| Digitalis | 3 (30) | ||
| Aspirin | 7 (70) | ||
| Diuretics | 6 (60) | ||
BMI, body mass index; 
, maximal oxygen consumption; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; AII, angiotensin II. Data are presented as mean ±s.e.m. or number of participants (percentage of population).