Table 2.
Resting physiological measurements
| Healthy control | Heart failure | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pulmonary pressures | |||
| Ppl mean insp (cmH2O) | −6.1 ± 0.8 | −6.1 ± 0.9 | 0.96 |
| ∫Ppl,inspt (cmH2O s min−1) | 83.3 ± 11.9 | 82.7 ± 9.6 | 0.97 |
| ∫Ppl,totalt (cmH2O s min−1) | 90.2 ± 12.8 | 78.9 ± 13.8 | 0.57 |
| Haemodynamics | |||
 (l min−1) |
6.6 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 0.02 |
| SV (ml beat−1) | 98.8 ± 8.1 | 70.1 ± 7.2 | 0.02 |
| HR (beats min−1) | 67.3 ± 2.6 | 72.7 ± 4.0 | 0.27 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 157.9 ± 4.1 | 151.6 ± 6.8 | 0.46 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 88.2 ± 4.3 | 78.9 ± 4.5 | 0.17 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 111.3 ± 4.0 | 103.1 ± 4.5 | 0.20 |
| Blood gases | |||
 (mmHg) |
101.1 ± 1.8 | 97.3 ± 4.9 | 0.48 |
 (mmHg) (ml (100 ml)−1) |
37.5 ± 1.3 | 37.2 ± 1.0 | 0.87 |
 (ml (100 ml)−1) |
18.7 ± 0.5 | 18.3 ± 0.7 | 0.68 |
 (mmHg) |
30.1 ± 2.6 | 27.2 ± 1.7 | 0.35 |
 (mmHg) |
48.1 ± 1.9 | 47.8 ± 1.1 | 0.89 |
 (ml (100 ml)−1) |
9.6 ± 1.0 | 8.3 ± 0.8 | 0.30 |
| a–v O2 diff (ml (100 ml)−1) | 9.0 ± 1.1 | 9.7 ± 1.1 | 0.66 |
| Ventilation | |||
 (ml min−1) |
456.3 ± 89.7 | 396.6 ± 45.0 | 0.56 |
 (l min−1) |
13.6 ± 2.5 | 13.4 ± 1.4 | 0.94 |
| VT (ml) | 944.4 ± 108.9 | 830.9 ± 89.4 | 0.43 |
| RR (breaths min−1) | 14.0 ± 0.9 | 16.3 ± 0.9 | 0.08 |
| TI (s) | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 0.27 |
| TTOT (s) | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 0.40 |
Ppl, pleural pressure; insp, inspiratory; 
, cardiac output; SV, stroke volume; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure (direct arterial); DBP, diastolic blood pressure (direct arterial); MAP, mean arterial pressure (direct arterial); 
, partial pressure of arterial oxygen; 
, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; 
, arterial oxygen content; 
, partial pressure of venous oxygen; 
, partial pressure of venous carbon dioxide; 
, venous content of oxygen; a–v O2 diff, arterio-venous oxygen difference; 
, volume of oxygen consumption; 
, ventilation; VT, tidal volume; RR respiratory rate; TI, inspiratory time; TTOT, total respiratory cycle time. Data are presented as mean ±s.e.m.